Fate of the States: The New Geography of American Prosperity (23 page)

11.
  Ryan Hagen, “San Bernardino City Attorney: Evidence of Budget Falsification Given to Other Agencies,”
Sun
(San Bernardino County), July 11, 2012, http://www.sbsun.com/ci_21052495/breaking-news-san-bernardino-mayor-morris-addresses-citys.

12.
  Fitch Ratings, “U.S. Local Government Downgrades to Persist,” August 20, 2012, http://voiceofdetroit.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Fitch-Ratings-Local-Govt-Downgrades-to-Persist.pdf.

13.
  Reuters, “San Bernardino Bankruptcy May Start Trend for California Cities: Moody’s,” August 9, 2012, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/10/us-municipals-sanbernardino-idUSBRE87902L20120810.

14.
  Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, FRED Economic Data, Graph: State and Local Bonds—Bond Buyer Go 20-Bond Municipal Bond Index (WSLB20), http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/graph/?s[1][id]=WSLB20.

15.
  Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, “Special Feature: Trends in Personal Income Tax and Employee Social Security Contribution Schedules,” 2012, http://www.oecd.org/tax/taxpolicyanalysis/50131824.pdf.

16.
  Trading Economics, Greece Unemployment Rate, http://www.tradingeconomics.com/greece/unemployment-rate; Trading Economics, Greece GDP Annual Growth Rate, http://www.tradingeconomics.com/greece/gdp-growth-annual.

17.
  Ioanna Fotiadi, “Smaller Companies Heading to Bulgaria in Droves,”
Ekathimerini.com,
June 11, 2012, http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite2_1_11/06/2012_446468.

18.
  Li-mei Hoang and Renee Maltezou, “Families Leaving Greece in Droves to Stay Afloat Financially,” April 28, 2012, http://business.financialpost.com/2012/04/28/families-leaving-greece-in-droves-to-stay-afloat-financially/.

19.
  Elizabeth McNichol, “Out of Balance: Cuts in Services Have Been States’ Primary Response to Budget Gaps, Harming the Nation’s Economy,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, April 18, 2012, http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=3747.

20.
  State Budget Solutions, “K-12 Education,” http://www.statebudgetsolutions.org/issues/detail/k-12-education.

21.
  Phil Oliff and Michael Leachman, “New School Year Brings Steep Cuts in State Funding for Schools,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, October 7, 2011, http://www.cbpp.org/cms/?fa=view&id=3569.

22.
  Motoko Rich, “Enrollment Off in Big Districts, Forcing Layoffs,”
New York Times
, July 23, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/24/education/largest-school-districts-see-steady-drop-in-enrollment.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.

23.
  Mokoto Rich, “Enrollment in Charter Schools Is Increasing,”
New York Times,
November 14, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/14/us/charter-schools-growing-fast-new-report-finds.html?_r=0.

24.
  Benjamin Herold, “This Year, It’s Philly Charter Schools’ Turn to Wrestle with Budget Cuts,”
NewsWorks,
August 30, 2012, http://www.newsworks.org/index.php/local//region/43574-this-year-its-philly-charter-schools-turn-to-wrestle-with-budget-cuts.

25.
  U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Data: GDP and Personal Income, Gross Domestic Product by State, California, http://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=1&isuri=1&acrdn=1#reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7007=-1&7093=Levels&7090=70&7035=-1&7036=-1&7001=1200&7002=1&7003=200&7004=NAICS&7005=-1&7006=06000; U.S. Census Bureau, State Government Finances, Historical Data: 2007 Annual Survey of State Government Finances, http://www.census.gov/govs/state/historical_data_2007.html; U.S. Census Bureau, State Government Finances, 2011 Annual Survey of State Government Finances, http://www.census.gov/govs/state/historical_data_2011.html.

26.
  “California Budget Crisis,”
New York Times,
January 11, 2013, http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/news/national/usstatesterritoriesandpossessions/california/budget_crisis_2008_09/index.html.

27.
  Hailey Persinger, “School Music, Arts Programs on Chopping Block,”
U-T San Diego,
March 6, 2011, http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2011/mar/06/unifieds-music-arts-programs-chopping-block/.

28.
  Toni McAllister, “School Bus Service Eliminated for LEUSD Kids,”
Lake Elsinore-Wildomar Patch
, February 10, 2012, http://lakeelsinore-wildomar.patch.com/articles/school-bus-service-eliminated-for-leusd-kids.

29.
  Jesse McKinley, “California Students Protest Education Cuts,”
New York Times,
March 4, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/05/education/05protests.html.

30.
  “Student Data: Tuition and Fees, 1999–2000 to 2012–13,”
Chronicle of Higher Education,
October 24, 2012, http://chronicle.com/article/Searchable-Database-Tuition/48879/.

31.
  Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission, “National Rankings on Taxes, Budgetary Components, and Other Indicators, 2011 Edition,” Table 31: Average Annual In-State Tuition and Fees at Public 40 Year Institutions (2010–2011), http://jlarc.state.va.us/mobile/states/t31.htm.

32.
  Hans Johnson, Public Policy Institute of California, “Defunding Higher Education,” May 2012, http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/report/R_512HJR.pdf.

33.
  Carla Rivera, “Californians’ Enrollment in UC, CSU Declines, Study Finds,”
Los Angeles Times,
May 10, 2012, http://articles.latimes.com/2012/may/10/local/la-me-0510-college-report-20120510.

34.
  David F. Shaffer and David J. Wright, “A New Paradigm for Economic Development,” Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government, State University of New York, University at Albany, March 2010. http://www.immagic.com/eLibrary/ARCHIVES/GENERAL/NARIG_US/R100311S.pdf.

35.
  John Pelletier, “Why Go to College If I Can’t Get a Job?”
Wall Street Journal Market Watch
, August 23, 2012, http://articles.marketwatch.com/2012-08-23/finance/33323518_1_student-loan-debt-nonprofit-four-year-colleges-college-grads (data originally from Economic Policy Institute’s research).

36.
  Scott Thurm and Pui-Wing Tam “California’s Boom Masks State’s Uneven Recovery,”
Wall Street Journal,
August 15, 2012, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303505504577405221289491972.html.

37.
  Roberta Stevens, president of the American Library Association, “Library Technology: Helping Job Seekers,”
Huffington Post
, June 28, 2011, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/roberta-stevens/library-technology_b_885980.html.

38.
  Shannon Jones, “Democrats Seek to Defuse Opposition to Detroit Library Cuts,”
World Socialist Web Site,
January 2012, http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2012/01/libr-j27.html.

39.
  Beverly Goldberg, “D.C. Officials Feel the Heat over Planned School Library Cuts,”
American
Libraries,
May 4, 2012, http://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/news/05042012/dc-officials-feel-heat-over-planned-school-library-cuts.

40.
  “Why Is New Haven Public Library Important to You?” http://www.cityofnewhaven.com/uploads/Why%20is%20New%20Haven%20Public%20Library%20important%20to%20you%202(1).pdf.

41.
  Paul Bass, “No Tax Hike in Mayor’s New Budget,”
New Haven Independent,
March 1, 2011, http://www.newhavenindependent.org/index.php/archives/entry/despite_pension_health_spikes_no_tax_hike/; John DeStefano, Jr., Elsie Chapman, et al., “Chief Administrative Officer’s 2012 Annual Report: New Haven Free Public Library,” http://www.cityofnewhaven.com/ChiefAdministrator/pdf/2012%20NHFPL%20review.pdf; Keith M. Phaneuf, “Connecticut Home Sale Prices Show Biggest Decline in Nation,”
CT Mirror,
August 28, 2012, http://ctmirror.org/story/17329/connecticut-tops-nation-declining-home-sale-prices.

42.
  Mason Adams, “Roanoke County Officials Eye Waste Disposal Cuts,”
Roanoke Times,
March 14, 2012, http://www.roanoke.com/news/roanoke/wb/306174.

43.
  Jared Janes, “County Wants High Participation in Rural Trash Collection,”
Monitor,
2013, http://m.themonitor.com/news/local/article_6dfdfaa8-470c-11e2-bd97-0019bb30f31a.html?mode=jqm.

44.
  Vauhini Vara, “Jail Shift Makes Waves in California,”
Wall Street Journal,
July 8, 2012, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304458604577491100435436414.html.

45.
  Gary Fields, “Prison’s Guards Are Part Wolf, All Business,”
Wall Street Journal,
July 31, 2012, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444130304577561273226636482.html.

46.
  John Rudolf, “Stockton’s Poor Mired in Violence After Police Cuts, Recession,”
Huffington Post,
March 19, 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/18/stockton-poor-poverty-crime-california_n_1346096.html.

47.
  D. S. Woodfill, “Surprise Police, Fire Departments Not Spared Spending Cuts,”
azcentral.com,
May 14, 2012, http://www.azcentral.com/community/westvalley/articles/2012/05/08/20120508surprise-police-fire-departments-not-spared-spending-cuts.html.

48.
  Imran Ghori, “San Bernardino: Budget Plan Criticized,”
Press-Enterprise,
August 30, 2012, http://www.pe.com/local-news/politics/imran-ghori-headlines/20120830-san-bernardino-budget-plan-criticized.ece; Ryan Hagen, “Volunteers Try to Fill Growing Hole in San Bernardino’s Service Levels,”
Contra Costa Times,
September 9, 2012, http://www.contracostatimes.com/california/ci_21503330/volunteers-try-fill-growing-hole-san-bernardinos-service.

49.
  Purdue University Department of Agriculture, “An Overview of the Indiana State Budget,” Indiana Local Government Information Web site, January 2011, http://www.agecon.purdue.edu/crd/localgov/topics/essays/State_Budget.htm].

Chapter 6: The New American Poverty

1.
  U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates: State Intercensal Estimates (2000–2010), Annual Population Estimates,http://www.census.gov/popest/data/intercensal/state/state2010.html; U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Archived News Releases|Regional and State Employment and Unemployment, http://www.bls.gov/schedule/archives/laus_nr.htm.

2.
  Meredith Whitney Advisory Group, “Tragedy of Commons Third Edition: 2012 Update,” pp. 5, 7, 25.

3.
  U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, “Quarterly Summary of State and Local Tax Revenue,” table 1: “Historical National Totals of State and Local Tax Revenue,” http://www.census.gov/govs/qtax/, http://www2.census.gov/govs/qtax/2012/q3t1.xls; Moody’s Investors Service, “2011 State Debt Medians Report,” http://www.vermonttreasurer.gov/sites/treasurer/files/pdf/bonds/Moody’s%20State%20Debt%20Medians%202011-corrected.pdf; Meredith Whitney Advisory Group, “Poverty Report,” p. 25.

4.
  U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, Poverty, Historical Poverty Tables—People: table 21. Number of Poor and Poverty Rate, by State, http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/data/historical/people.html.

5.
  Ibid.

6.
  Office of Management and Budget, “Fiscal Year 2012: Historical Tables: Budget of the U.S. Government,” http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2012/assets/hist.pdf.

7.
  U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, Census Bureau Reports About Governments, http://www.census.gov/govs/pubs/topic.html#federal_programs; Meredith Whitney Advisory Group.

8.
  National Association of State Budget Officers, “State Expenditure Report: Examining Fiscal 2010–2012 State Spending,” 2012, http://www.nasbo.org/sites/default/files/State%20Expenditure%20Report_1.pdf.

9.
  National Association of State Budget Officers, “State Expenditure Report: 2001,” Summer 2002, http://www.nasbo.org/sites/default/files/ER_2001.pdf.

10.
  Meredith Whitney Advisory Group, “Poverty Report,” p. 6; Meredith Whitney Advisory Group, “Poverty in America,” Appendix, p. 4.

11.
  Elizabeth McNichol, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, “Out of Balance: Cuts in Services Have Been State’s Primary Response to Budget Gaps, Harming the Nation’s Economy,” April 18, 2012, http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=3747.

12.
  Gary Jason, “Governments Finally Outsourcing,”
Liberty,
September 1, 2012, http://www.libertyunbound.com/node/889.

13.
  U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, “Current Population Survey.”

14.
  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Local Area Unemployment Statistics, Annual Average: Statewide Data: Tables: Unemployment Rates for States: 2000 and 2010, http://www.bls.gov/lau/lastrk00.htm, http://www.bls.gov/lau/lastrk10.htm.

15.
  U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Local Area Unemployment Statistics, Annual Average: Statewide Data: Tables: Unemployment Rates for States: 2000 and 2010, http://www.bls.gov/lau/lastrk00.htm, http://www.bls.gov/lau/lastrk10.htm.

16.
  Ryan Holeywell, “The Indiana Toll Road: A Model for Privatization?”
Governing,
October 2011, http://www.governing.com/topics/mgmt/indiana-toll-road-model-privatization.html.

17.
  “Business Traveller Awards 2012,”
Business Traveller
, September 17, 2012, http://www.businesstraveller.com/awards2012.

18.
  Public Works Financing, Vol. 253, October 2010 Issue, http://www.pwfinance.net/pwf_major_projects.pdf; Privatization Barometer, http://www.privatizationbarometer.net/database.php.

19.
  Scott McCartney, “The World’s Best Airport?”
Wall Street Journal,
December 1, 2011, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204397704577070502443425304.html; Associated Press, “Chicago Mayor Wants to Lease Out Midway Airport,”
nwitimes.com,
December 21, 2012, http://www.nwitimes.com/news/local/illinois/chicago/chicago-mayor-wants-to-lease-out-midway-airport/article_b082df59-108f-5c2d-933b-27c0f4a9e397.html.