For Lust of Knowing (62 page)

36
. Said,
Orientalism
, p. 275.

37
. Al-‘Azm, ‘Orientalism and Orientalism in Reverse', p. 15.

38
. Said,
Orientalism
, p. 326.

39
. Said, ‘Orientalism Reconsidered', in
Reflections on Exile
, p. 203.

40
. Geertz's criticisms of
Covering Islam
appeared in the
New York Review of Books
, 27 May 1982, p. 28.

41
. Albert Hourani, ‘The Road to Morocco',
New York Times Review
, 8 March 1979, pp. 27–9. Jacques Berque, ‘Au-delà de
l'Orientalisme
: Entretien avec Jacques Berque',
Qantara
, 13 (1994), pp. 27–8; Maxime Rodinson,
Europe and the Mystique of Islam
, translated by Roger Veinus (Seattle, 1987), pp. 130–31n. See also Hourani interviewed in Nancy Elizabeth Gallagher (ed.),
Approaches to the History of the Middle East
(Reading, 1994), pp. 40–41.

42
. The views of Nadim al-Bitar and other Arabreviewers are summarized in Emmanuel Sivan, ‘Edward Said and his ArabReviewers' in Sivan,
Interpretations of Islam, Past and Present
(Princeton, NJ, 1985), pp. 133–54. See also Donald P. Little, ‘Three ArabCritiques of
Orientalism
',
Muslim World
, 69 (1979), pp. 110–31.

43
. See note 32above.

44
. Ziauddin Sardar,
Orientalism
(Buckingham, 1999), pp. 65–76.

45
. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, ‘Psychoanalysis in Left Field and Fieldworking: Examples to Fit the Title', in Sonu Shamdasani and Michael Münchow (eds),
Speculations after Freud: Psychoanalysis, Philosophy and Culture
(London, 1994), p. 63.
Postmodern Pooh
(London, 2003) by Frederick Crews places Spivak's thinking in an appropriate context.

46
. Sheldon Pollock, ‘Deep Orientalism? Notes on Sanskrit and Power Beyond the Raj', in Carol A. Breckenridge and Peter van den Veer (eds),
Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament
(Philadelphia, 1993), p. 113.

47
. The text of this debate appeared in ‘Scholars, Media and the Middle East' in Edward Said,
Power, Politics and Culture
, pp. 291–312.

48
. Ibid.

49
. On Ernest Gellner, see Ved Mehta,
Fly and the Fly-Bottle
(London, 1963), pp. 11–21, 35–40; Michael Lessnoff,
Ernest Gellner and Modernity
(Cardiff, 2002).

50
. Ernest Gellner, ‘The Mightier Pen? Edward Said and the Double Standards of Inside-out Colonialism',
Times Literary Supplement
, 19February 1993, pp. 3–4.

51
. Edward Said's letter attacking Gellner's review of his book appeared in the
Times Literary Supplement
on 19 March 1993. Gellner's reply to this was published on 9April. Said returned to the fray on 4June. Further letters for or against Gellner appeared on the letters pages of the
Times Literary Supplement
on 10February, 17February and 2April 1993.

52
. Edward Said,
The Question of Palestine
(London, 1980), p. 9.

53
. Ibid., p. 146.

54
. Ibid., p. 218.

55
. M. E. Yapp reviewed
Covering Islam
in the
Times Literary Supplement
of 9 October 1981. Said's letter attacking the review appeared on 27 November and Yapp replied on 4December.

56
. Said,
Culture and Imperialism
(London, 1993), p. 3.

57
. Justus Reid Weiner, “‘My Beautiful Old House” and Other Fabrications by Edward Said',
Commentary
, September 1999. The text of Weiner's article can be read online at .

58
. Edward Said,
Freud and the Non-European
(London, 2003), p. 16.

59
. The British obituaries and posthumous appraisals (overwhelmingly adulatory) included anonymous in
The Times
, 26 September 2003; anonymous in the
Daily Telegraph
, 26 September; Robert Fisk in the
Independent
, 26 September; Malise Ruthven in the
Guardian
, 26 September; Gabriel Pieterberg in the
Independent
, 27 September; Christopher Hitchens in the
Observer
, 28 September; Joan Smith in the
Independent on Sunday
, 28 September.

1
. On Kurd ‘Ali's quarrel with the Orientalists, see above all, Joseph Escovitz, ‘Orientalists and Orientalism in the Writings of Kurd ‘Ali',
International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
, 15 (1983), pp. 95–109. On Kurd ‘Ali more generally, see Albert Hourani,
Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798–1939
, revised edn (London, 1967), pp. 223–4; Hourani, ‘Islam and the Philosophers of History' in Hourani,
Europe and the Middle East
(London, 1980), pp. 65–6;
Memoirs of Kurd ‘Ali: A Selection
, translated by Khalil Totah (Washington, 1954).

2
. J. W.Fück, ‘Islam as an Historical Problem in European Historiography since 1800', in Bernard Lewis and P. M. Holt (eds),
Historians of the Middle East
(London, 1962), pp. 308–9; Hourani,
Arabic Thought
, p. 173; Hourani, ‘Islam and the Philosophers of History', pp. 65–6.

3
. On Jalal Al-i Ahmad, see Hamid Algar's introduction to Jalal Al-i Ahmad,
Occidentosis: A Plague from the West
, translated by R. Campbell (Berkeley, Calif., 1984). See also Michael C. Hillman's introduction to Al-i Ahmad,
Lost in the Crowd
, translated by John Green (Washington, 1985); Michael C. Hillman,
Iranian Culture: A Persianist View
(Lanham, Md., 1990), pp. 119–44; Homa Katouzian,
Sadeq Hedayat: The Life and Legend of an Iranian Writer
(London, 1991),
passim
; Roy Mottahedeh,
The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran
(London, 1986), pp. 287, seq.,
passim
.

4
. Ahmad,
Occidentosis
, p. 27.

5
. Ibid., p. 29.

6
. Ibid., p. 33.

7
. Ibid., p. 75.

8
. Ibid., p. 98.

9
. Khomeini,
Sayings of the Ayatollah Khomeini: Political, Philosophical, Social and Religious
, translated by Harold J. Salemson (New York, 1980), p. 9.

10
. On the life and works of Muhammad Asad, see Martin Kramer, ‘The Road
from Mecca: Muhammad Asad (born Leopold Weiss)', in Kramer (ed.),
The Jewish Discovery of Islam
(Tel Aviv, 1999), pp. 225–47.

11
. On René Guénon,
Cahiers de l'Herne
, 49 (1985), contains appraisals of the man and his work by various hands. See also Robin Waterfield,
René Guénon and the Future of the West
(n.p., 1987); Mircea Eliade,
Occultism, Witchcraft and Cultural Fashions
(Chicago, 1976), pp. 65–7; D. Gril, ‘Espace sacré et spiritualité, trois approches: Massignon, Corbin, Guénon', in
D'un Orient à l'autre
, 2 vols (Paris, 1991), vol. 2, pp. 56–63.

12
. René Guénon,
Orient et Occident
(Paris, 1924), pp. 147–54.

13
. On Hossein Nasr, see June I. Smith, ‘Sayyed Hossein Nasr: Defender of the Sacred and Islamic Traditionalism', in Y. Z. Haddad (ed.),
The Muslims of America
(New York, 1991).

14
. Hossein Nasr,
Islamic Spirituality
(London, 1991), vol. 1, p. 9, n.1.

15
. On Sayyid Qutb, see Emmanuel Sivan,
Radical Islam: Medieval Theology and Modern Politics
(New Haven and London, 1985); Sivan, ‘Ibn Taymiyya: Father of the Islamic Revolution',
Encounter
, 60, no. 5 (May 1983), pp. 41–50; Gilles Kepel,
The Prophet and Pharaoh: Muslim Extremism in Egypt
(London, 1985).

16
. Sivan,
Radical Islam
, p. 68.

17
. Qutb quoted in Daniel Pipes,
The Hidden Hand: Middle East Fears of Conspiracy
(Basingstoke, 1996), p. 174.

18
. Maryam Jameelah,
Islam Versus the West
(Lahore, 1962).

19
. Jameelah quoted in Ziauddin Sardar,
Orientalism
(Buckingham, 1999), p. 51.

20
. Hamid Algar, ‘The Problems of Orientalists',
Islamic Literature
, 17 (1971), pp. 31–42.

21
. A. L. Tibawi, ‘English-Speaking Orientalists: a Critique of Their Approach to Islam and ArabNationalism',
Islamic Quarterly
, 8 (1964), pp. 25–45 and 73–88; ‘A Second Critique of English-Speaking Orientalists and Their Approach to Islam and the Arabs',
Islamic Quarterly
, 23 (1979), pp. 3–43, and ‘On the Orientalists Again',
Muslim World
, 70 (1980), pp. 56–61. These essays have been reprinted in A. L. Macfie,
Orientalism: A Reader
(Edinburgh, 2000).

22
. Abdallah Laroui,
L'Idéologie arabe contemporaine
(Paris, 1967), p. 119.

23
. Abdallah Laroui,
The Crisis of the Arab Intellectual. Traditionalism or Historicism?
(Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1976). The French original was published in Paris in 1974.

24
. Ibid., p. 61.

25
. Anouar Abdel-Malek, ‘Orientalism in Crisis',
Diogenes
, no. 44 (1963), pp. 104–12. This essay has been reprinted in Macfie,
Orientalism: A Reader
.

26
. Francesco Gabrieli, ‘Apology for Orientalism',
Diogenes
, no. 50 (1965), pp. 128–36.

27
. Ziya-ul-Hasan Faruqi, ‘Sir Hamilton Alexander Roskeen Gibb', in Asaf Hussain, Robert Olson and Jamil Qureishi (eds),
Orientalism, Islam and Islamists
(Vermont, 1984), pp. 177–91.

28
. Suleyman Nyang and Abed-Rabbo, ‘Bernard Lewis and Islamic Studies: An Assessment', in Hussain, et. al. (eds),
Orientalism, Islam and Islamists
, pp. 259–84.

29
. Ahmad Ghorab,
Subverting Islam: The Role of Orientalist Centres
(London, 1995).

30
. For Sardar's life and writings, see
Ziauddin Sardar: A Reader
(London, 2004) and Sardar,
Desperately Seeking Paradise: Journeys of a Sceptical Muslim
(London, 2004).

31
. Sardar,
Orientalism
.

32
. Ibid., pp. 17–26.

33
. Ibid., p. 23; cf. the corresponding page in R. W. Southern,
Western Views of Islam in the Middle Ages
(Harvard, Mass., 1962), p. 89.

34
. Sardar,
Orientalism
, pp. 23–4.

35
. Ibid., pp. 65–76.

36
. Some of Fazlur Rahman's criticisms of Orientalism can be found in Rahman, ‘Islamic Studies and the Future of Islam', in Malcolm H. Kerr (ed.),
Islamic Studies: A Tradition and Its Problems
(Malibu, Calif., 1980), pp. 125–33and in Rahman, ‘Approaches to Islam in Religious Studies: Review Essay', in Richard C. Martin (ed.),
Approaches to Islam in Religious Studies
(Tucson, Arizona, 1985), pp. 189–202.

37
. Muhsin Mahdi, ‘Orientalism and the Study of Islamic Philosophy',
Journal of Islamic Studies
, 1 (1990), pp. 73–98.

Abbas, Ihsan,
292

Abbasid caliphate,
186
,
188
,
202
,
208
,
246
,
286

as golden age,
242
,
259

Abbott, Nabia,
245
,
292

‘Abd al-Malek, Umayyad Caliph,
23

Abdel-Malek, Anouar,
5
,
292
,
324
,
325

‘Abduh, Muhammad,
321

Abed-Rabbo, Samir,
325

Abominable Heresy or Sect of the Saracens
(Peter the Venerable),
27

Aboukir Bay, Battle (1798),
138

Abraham, Massignon on,
226

abrogation, Muslim doctrine,
24

Abu al-Faraj,
see
Bar Hebraeus

Abu al-Fida,
71
,
92–
3,
99
,
118
,
128

Abudacnus (Joseph Barbatus),
90–
91

Abu-Lughod, Ibrahim,
292

Abu Muslim,
208

Abu Tammam,
37

Action Francaise,
228

Adams, Thomas,
97–
8

Adelard of Bath,
36
,
53

Aeschylus,
11–
12,
16

anti-Oriental attitude,
285

Said on,
11
,
282

Aesop, fables,
84

al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din,
169
,
193
,
311
,
321

After the Last Sky: Palestinian Lives
(Said),
294
,
305

Ahmad, Aziz,
299–
300

Al-i Ahmad, Jalal,
312

Aja'ib al-Maqdur,
103

Ajami, Fuad,
245
,
292–
3,
308

Ajurrumiyya,
80

Alcorani seu legis Mahometi et Evangelistum concordiae liber
(Postel),
70

Alcorani textus universus
(Marracci),
105–
6

Aleppo,
112
,
215

Alexander I, Tsar,
157

Algar, Hamid,
318–
19

algebra, Arabictreatises,
28

Algeria, French policy,
228

Algiers, Orientalist conference (1905),
221