 | quite positive and earned the approbation of his colleagues (Auriol,
Journal du Septennat, 1948,
2: 58283). By contrast, the Social Democratic mayor of Berlin, Ernst Reuter, thought the plan a step backward for Germany, and denounced it as "a surrender to France" (
New york Herald Tribune,
December 29, 1948); General Clay thought the Ruhr discussions offered a case of "the tail wag [ging] the dog" (Clay to Draper, January 23, 1949, in Smith,
The Papers of General Lucius D. Clay: Germany, 19451949,
2: 990).
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| 19. Office of Economic and Financial Affairs to the Planning Commissioner [Monnet], August 9, 1948, MAE, Y-Internationale 194449, vol. 131.
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| 20. For a general, and critical, account of the first months of the OEEC by its first secretary-general, see Marjolin,
Memoirs,
191205, and Milward,
The Reconstruction of Western Europe,
168211.
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| 21. American planners were especially anxious about France's failure in this regard, fearing that the OEEC and the entire American grand design for European integration could be set back by French economic instability. See Bossuat, "Le poids de 1'aide américaine sur la politique économique et financière de la France en 1948," and Wall,
The United States and the Making of Postwar France,
18485.
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| 22. Minutes of discussion of senior Treasury officials, January 5, 1949, published in Clarke,
Anglo-American Economic Collaboration in War and Peace,
20810; and see Young,
Britain, France, and the Unity of Europe,
12224. French economic planners bitterly criticized what they called Britain's "imperial autarky" with regard to the continent. See
Réponse aux critiques britanniques du programme français,
January 6, 1949, AN, F60 ter, box 390; Schweitzer to Prime Minister, December 17, 1948, AN, F60 ter, box 461; Memorandum, January 6, 1949, AN, F60 ter, box 390. Schuman and Hervé Alphand took up this issue with Averell Harriman, the American special representative to the OEEC, but with little result (Memorandum by Pierre Baraduc of the Quai's Economic Cooperation Service, January 8, 1949; and
Compte-rendu d'une conversation entre MM. Schuman et Harriman,
January 10, 1949, AN, F60 ter, box 378). Even a trip to London in late February 1949 by Finance Minister Maurice Petsche could not bring the British around to a more sympathetic view of an activist OEEC. See the extensive documentation on these talks in AN, F60 ter, box 460.
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| 23. Marjolin,
Memoirs,
204, 21011. Milward has been even more critical: the American policy of urging European cooperation was by mid-1949 "a nearcomplete failure. . . . The common Western European long-term plan which was supposed to emerge from the OEEC had sunk without a trace"
(Reconstruction of Western Europe,
282).
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| 24. Direction d'Europe, author not specified, December 13, 1948, MAE, Y-Internationale 194449, vol. 318. This document summarized the views expressed in numerous Quai memoranda on the need for a constructive policy toward Germany. See Jacques-Camille Paris to Chauvel, October 5, 1948, MAE, Z-Europe 194449, Allemagne, vol. 39; a memorandum of August 31, 1948, same file, vol. 83; report from Saint-Hardouin of October 21 and November 6, 1948, same file, vol. 83; a thirty-page memorandum entitled
Esquisse d'une politique françaiseà l'égard de l'Allemagne occidentale,
November 30, 1948, same file, vol. 83.
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