Freedom's Forge (55 page)

  1
. Marc Bloch,
Strange Defeat
(New York: Norton, 1968), 40–43.

  2
. John Lukacs,
The Duel: The Eighty-Day Struggle Between Churchill and Hitler
(New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1990), 64.

  3
. C-9x, May 13, 1940, in Warren Kimball, ed.,
Churchill and Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence
, Vol. 1 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), 37.

  4
. Kimball,
Churchill and Roosevelt
, Vol. 1, 37.

  5
. William Langer and S. Everett Gleason,
The Undeclared War, 1940–1941
(New York: Harper and Brothers, 1953), 198, 200.

  6
. Report of the Special Committee on Investigation of the Munitions Industry, U.S. Congress, Senate, 74th Congress, Second Session, February 24, 1936, 3–13.

  7
. Francis Walton,
The Miracle of World War II: How American Industry Made Victory Possible
(New York: Macmillan, 1956).

  8
. Duncan Ballantine,
U.S. Naval Logistics in the Second World War
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1947), 29.

  9
. W. F. Craven and J. L. Cate,
The Army Air Forces in World War II
, Vol. 1 (Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History, 1955), 104.

10
. A.J.P. Taylor,
The Origins of the Second World War
(Greenwich, CT: Fawcett, 1966), 185.

11
. Quoted in Frank Friedel,
Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Rendezvous with Destiny
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1990), 311.

12
. Craven and Cate,
Army Air Forces in World War II
, Vol. 1, 104.

13
.
Life
, November 30, 1942, 124.

14
. Richard Holl,
From the Boardroom to the War Room: America’s Corporate Liberals and FDR’s Preparedness Program
(Rochester, NY: Rochester University Press, 2005), 41.

15
. Holl,
From the Boardroom
, 78.

16
. David Reynolds,
From Munich to Pearl Harbor
(Chicago: Dee Publishing, 2001), 70.

17
. Forrest Pogue,
George C. Marshall
, Vol. 2 (London: MacGibbon and Kee, 1964), 17.

18
. Norman Beasley,
Knudsen: A Biography
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1947), 228.

19
. Stanley Weintraub,
Eisenhower, MacArthur, Marshall: Three Generals Who Saved the Country
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 2007), 106.

20
. Beasley,
Knudsen
, 229.

21
. Walter Millis,
Arms and Men: A Study in American Military History
(New York: Putnam, 1956), 270.

22
. John Morton Blum,
From the Morgenthau Diaries
, Vol. 2 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965); Beasely,
Knudsen
, 229–30.

23
. Kimball,
Churchill and Roosvelt
, Vol. 1, 40.

24
. Bernard Baruch,
Baruch: The Public Years
(New York: Henry Holt, 1957), 273.

25
. Holl,
From the Boardroom
, 46; R. Elberton Smith,
The Army and Economic Mobilization
(Washington, DC: Center of Military History, 1991), 37–38.

26
. Beasley,
Knudsen
, 230.

27
.
The Goebbels Diaries 1939–1941
(New York: Putnam, 1982), entry for June 14, 1941, 414.

  1
. Beasley,
Knudsen
, 1.

  2
. Beasley,
Knudsen
, 1.

  3
. Christy Borth,
Masters of Mass Production
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1945), 60.

  4
.
American National Biography
(hereafter cited as
ANB
) (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), Vol. 12, 843.

  5
. Beasley,
Knudsen
, 2.

  6
. Beasley,
Knudsen
, 3–4.

  7
. Borth,
Masters of Mass Production, 40
.

  8
. Detroit Public Library: Knudsen Collection, Part 4, Box 1: Keim Mills, May 1, 1940.

  9
.
ANB
, 843.

10
. Beasley,
Knudsen
, 28.

11
. James Fink, “William Signius Knudsen,” in George May, ed.,
The Automotive Industry 1920–1980
(New York: Facts on File, 1989).

12
. David Hounshell,
From the American System to Mass Production 1800–1932
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984), 221–22.

13
. Hounshell,
American System
, 223; Charles Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford
(New York: Norton, 1956), 45.

14
. Hounshell,
American System
, 230–31.

15
. Beasley,
Knudsen
, 41.

16
. Beasley,
Knudsen
, 42,

17
. Beasley,
Knudsen
, 52–53.

18
. Beasley,
Knudsen
, 59–60; Hounshell,
American System
, 264.

19
. Knudsen, “How the Chevrolet Company Applies Its Own Slogan to Production,”
Industrial Management
76 (August 1927), 65–68.

20
. Allan Nevins,
Ford: Expansion and Challenge, 1915–1933
(New York: Scribner, 1954–63), 255.

21
. Beasley,
Knudsen
, 54.

22
. Borth,
Masters of Mass Production
.

23
. Beasley,
Knudsen
, 56.

24
.
ANB
, 843.

25
. Nevins,
Ford: Expansion and Challenge
.

26
. Beasley,
Knudsen
, 62–63.

27
. Beasley,
Knudsen
, 94.

28
. Beasley,
Knudsen
, 107.

29
. Beasley,
Knudsen
, 109.

30
. Malcolm Bingay,
Detroit Is My Own Home Town
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1946), 50.

31
. Alfred P. Sloan,
Adventures of a White-Collar Man
(New York: Doubleday, 1941), 8.

32
. Alfred P. Sloan,
My Years with General Motors
(New York: Doubleday, 1964).

33
. Walter Chrysler,
Life of an American Workman
(New York: Dodd and Mead, 1950), 143.

34
. Lawrence Gustin,
Billy Durant: Creator of General Motors
(Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1973), 91.

35
. Gustin,
Durant
, 115–16, 185–89.

36
. Sloan,
My Years with General Motors
, 27.

37
. Gustin,
Durant
, 208.

38
. Sloan,
My Years with General Motors
.

39
. Sloan,
Adventures
, 134.

40
. See “Organization Study,” in Alfred D. Chandler Jr.,
Strategy and Structure
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1962), 133–42.

41
. David Farber,
Sloan Rules: Alfred Sloan and the Triumph of General Motors
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), 50.

42
. Beasley,
Knudsen
, 113; Sloan,
Adventures
, 138.

43
.
Life
, March 31, 1941, 107.

44
. Sloan,
Adventures
, 140.

45
.
Life
, March 31, 1941, 107.

46
. Arthur Kuhn,
GM Passes Ford, 1918–1938
(University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1986), 112–13.

47
. Beasley,
Knudsen
, 115.

48
.
Life
, March 31, 1941.

49
. J. Smith,
Reminiscences
, quoted in Nevins,
Ford: Expansion and Challenge
, 16.

50
. Beasley,
Knudsen
, 119.

51
. “How the Chevrolet Company Applies Its Own Slogan to Production,”
Industrial Management
76 (August 1927), 65–68.

52
. Beasley,
Knudsen
.

53
. Kuhn,
GM Passes Ford;
Beasley,
Knudsen
, 128.

54
. Beasley,
Knudsen
, 132.

55
. Hounshell,
American System
, 264–65.

56
. Memo by Alfred Sloan, July 29, 1925, quoted in Hounshell,
American System
, 263.

57
. Richard Crabb,
Birth of a Giant: The Men and Incidents That Gave America the Motor Car
(Philadelphia: Chilton, 1970), 398.

58
. “How the Chevrolet Company,” 66.

59
. Hounshell,
American System
, 266.

60
. Kuhn,
GM Passes Ford;
Hounshell,
American System
, 266.

61
. Beasley,
Knudsen
, 139.

62
. Crabb,
Birth of a Giant
, 404–6.

63
. See Beasley,
Knudsen
, 219–21.

64
.
Detroit News
, May 3, 1937, quoted in Beasley,
Knudsen
, 177.

  1
. Mark Foster,
Henry J. Kaiser: Builder of the American West
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989), 9.

  2
. Kaiser Papers, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley:
Los Angeles Evening Express
, December 13, 1948.

  3
. John Gunther,
Inside U.S.A
. (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1947), 65.

  4
. Foster,
Kaiser
, 13.

  5
. Foster,
Kaiser
, 16.

  6
. Kaiser Papers: “Notes for Speech to Kaiser-Frazer Dealers, Willow Run, January 10, 1949,” Carton 61, Folder 7.

  7
. Kaiser Papers: “Facts about Henry J. Kaiser,” pamphlet (Oakland: Kaiser Co., September 19, 1946).

  8
. Beasley,
Knudsen
, 29.

  9
. Gary Giddins,
Bing Crosby: A Pocketful of Dreams—The Early Years, 1903–1940
(New York: Little, Brown, 2001), 36, 39.

10
. Kaiser Papers: “Notes for Speech to Kaiser-Frazer Dealers.”

11
. Foster,
Kaiser
, 22.

12
. Foster,
Kaiser
, 23.

13
. Kaiser Papers: “50 Year Book,” n.p., n.d., Carton 295.

14
. John B. Rae,
The Road and Car in American Life
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1971).

15
. Quoted in Stephen Adams,
Mr. Kaiser Goes to Washington: The Rise of a Government Entrepreneur
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 17.

16
. Foster,
Kaiser
, 29.

17
. Kaiser Papers: Questions and Answers about Henry J. Kaiser, p. 48.

18
. Albert Heiner,
Henry J. Kaiser: Western Colossus
(San Francisco: Halo Books, 1991), 21–22.

19
. Heiner,
Kaiser
, 22.

20
. Kaiser Papers; Clay Bedford interview, quoted in Heiner,
Kaiser
, 41.

21
. Foster,
Kaiser
, 32.

22
. Author’s interview with Peter Bedford, October 17, 2010.

23
. Quoted in Heiner,
Kaiser
, 47.

24
. Heiner,
Kaiser
, 29.

25
. Kaiser Papers: Alonzo Ordway to Neal Fellom, January 31, 1967, Carton 257.

26
. Quoted in Adams,
Mr. Kaiser Goes to Washington
, 2.

27
. Joseph Stevens,
Hoover Dam: An American Adventure
(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1988), 4–5, 48.

28
. Reis interview, quoted in Heiner,
Kaiser
, 48.

29
. Stevens,
Hoover Dam
, 42.

30
. “Earthmovers I,”
Fortune
, August 1943, 104–5.

31
. Stevens,
Hoover Dam
, 40–41.

32
. “Earthmovers I,” 145.

33
. Donald E. Wolf,
Big Dams and Other Dreams: The Six Companies Story
(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996), 29.

34
. Stevens,
Hoover Dam
, 79.

35
. “Earthmovers I,” 211–14.

36
. Interior Papers: Ickes to Kaiser, March 23, 1936, quoted in Foster,
Kaiser
, 60.

37
. Stevens,
Hoover Dam
, 245.

38
. Stevens,
Hoover Dam
, 246–48.

39
. Foster,
Kaiser
, 64.

40
. Quoted in Adams,
Mr. Kaiser Goes to Washington
, 41.

41
. Friedel,
Franklin D. Roosevelt
, 295.

  1
. James Mauro,
Twilight at the World of Tomorrow
(New York: Ballantine Books, 2010), 217–18.

  2
. David Gelernter,
1939: The Lost World of the Fair
(New York: Free Press, 1995), 37.

  3
. Gelernter,
1939
, 19–20.

  4
. Beasley,
Knudsen
, 222–23.

  5
. David Halberstam,
The Reckoning
(New York: Morrow, 1986), 378.

  6
.
Life
, May 31, 1941, 119.

  7
. Beasley,
Knudsen
, 197.

  8
. Douglas Haskell, “To-morrow and the World’s Fair,”
Architectural Record
, August 1940.

  9
. Sloan,
Adventures
, 206.