Frozen in Time (26 page)

Major expeditions involved in the search for HMS
Erebus
and HMS
Terror:

1846–47 Dr. John Rae (overland)

1847–49 Sir John Richardson and Dr. John Rae (overland)

1848–49 Captain Sir James Clark Ross, Captain E.J. Bird (HMS
Enterprise
& HMS
Investigator
)

1848–50 Captain Henry Kellett (HMS
Herald
)

1848–52 Captain Thomas Moore (HMS
Plover
)

1849–50 Lieutenant James Saunders (HMS
North Star
)

1850–51 U.S. Navy Lieutenant Edwin J. De Haven, U.S. Navy Lieutenant S.P. Griffin (
Advance & Rescue
)

1850–51 Captain Horatio Austin, Captain Erasmus Ommanney, Lieutenant Sherard Osborn, Lieutenant Bertie

Cator (HMS
Resolute,
HMS
Assistance,
HMS
Intrepid,
HMS
Pioneer
)*

1850–51 Captain William Penny, Alexander Stewart (
Lady Franklin & Sophia
)
*

1850–51 Rear Admiral Sir John Ross (
Felix
)

1850 Captain C.C. Forsyth (
Prince Albert
)

1850–55 Captain Richard Collinson (HMS
Enterprise
)

1850–54 Commander Robert McClure (HMS
Investigator
)

1851 Dr. John Rae (overland)

1851–52 Captain William Kennedy (
Prince Albert
)

1852 Commander Edward Augustus Inglefield (
Isabel
)

1852–54 Captain Sir Edward Belcher, Sherard Osborn, Captain Henry Kellett, Commander Francis Leopold M'Clintock (HMS
Assistance,
HMS
Pioneer,
HMS
Resolute,
HMS
Intrepid
)

1852–54 William John Samuel Pullen (HMS
North Star
)

1853 Captain Edward Augustus Inglefield, William Fawckner (HMS
Phoenix
& HMS
Breadalbane
)

1853–54 Dr. John Rae (overland)*

1853–55 U.S. Navy Dr. Elisha Kent Kane (
Advance
)

1855 Chief Factor John Anderson (overland)

1857–59 Captain Francis Leopold M'Clintock, Lieut. William Robert Hobson (
Fox
)*

1869 Charles Francis Hall (overland)*

1878–80 U.S. Lieut. Frederick Schwatka (overland)*

*Made significant discoveries of Franklin expedition relics

There are a great many publications relating to the preparation for, and loss of, the 1845–48 Franklin expedition, as well as the subsequent searches and contemporary research. The following bibliography is not definitive, but it does include sources that allow the reader to explore the complexities of historical and scientific research into the disaster. Each of the entries has been used by the authors as information and/or illustration sources.

Anonymous. 1883. Dangers of canned food.
Medical News.
xliii:270.

Amundsen, Roald. 1908.
The North West Passage.
Vol. II. London: Archibald Constable and Co.

Amy, R., Bahatnagar, R., Damkjar, E., and Beattie, O. 1986. The last Franklin expedition: report of a postmortem examination of a crew member.
Canadian Medical Association Journal.
135:115–117.

Anderson, J.E., and Merbs, C.F. 1962. A contribution to the human osteology of the Canadian Arctic. Occasional Paper 4. Toronto: Art and Archaeology Division, Royal Ontario Museum, University of Toronto.

Back, George. 1838.
Narrative of an Expedition in HMS Terror Undertaken with a View to Geographical Discovery on the Arctic Shores in the Years 1836–7.
London: John Murray.

Banting, F.G. 1930. With the Arctic Patrol.
Canadian Geographical Journal.
Vol. 1.

Beattie, O.B. 1983. A report on newly discovered human skeletal remains from the last Sir John Franklin expedition.
The Muskox.
33:68–77.

Beattie, O.B., and Savelle, J.M. 1983. Discovery of human remains from Sir John Franklin's last expedition.
Historical Archaeology.
17:100–105.

Beattie, O.B., Damkjar, E., Kowal, W., Amy, R. 1985. Anatomy of an arctic autopsy.
Medical Post.
20(23):1–2.

Belcher, E. 1855.
The Last of the Arctic Voyages.
London: Lovell Reeve.

Bernier, Joseph E. 1909. Report on the Dominion Government Expedition to Arctic Islands and Hudson Strait, on Board the D.G.S. ‘Arctic.' Ottawa: Government Printing Bureau.

Burwash, L.T. 1930. The Franklin Search.
Canadian Geographical Journal.
Vol. 1, No. 7.

Busch, Jane. 1981. An introduction to the tin can.
Historical Archaeology.
15:95–104.

Cooke, Alan, and Holland, Clive. 1978.
The Exploration of Northern Canada.
Toronto: Arctic History Press.

Cooper, P.F. 1955. A trip to King William Island in 1954.
The Arctic Circular.
Vol. 3, No. 1.

Cruickshank, Alistair. n.d.
Franklin's Naturalist Mss: Harry Goodsir.

Cyriax, Richard J. 1939.
Sir John Franklin's Last Arctic Expedition.
London: Methuen.

Cyriax, Richard J. 1942. Sir James Clark Ross and the Franklin Expedition.
The Polar Record.
Vol. 3, No. 24.

Cyriax, Richard J. 1951. Recently discovered traces of the Franklin expedition.
Geographical Journal.
June. 211–14.

Cyriax, Richard J. 1952. The position of Victory Point, King William Island.
Polar Record.
6:496–507.

Cyriax, Richard J. 1958. The two Franklin Expedition records found on King William Island.
The Mariner's Mirror.
44:178–189.

Cyriax, Richard J. 1962. Adam Beck and the Franklin search.
The Mariner's Mirror.
48:35–51.

Cyriax, R.J., and Jones, A.G.E. 1954. The papers in the possession of Harry Peglar, Captain of the Foretop, HMS
Terror,
1845.
The Mariner's Mirror.
40:186–195.

De Bray, Emile-Frederic. 1992.
A Frenchman in Search of Franklin: De Bray's Arctic Journal, 1852–1854.
Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Drummond, J.C., et al. 1939.
Historic Tinned Foods.
Greenford, UK: International Tin Research and Development Council.

Fleming, Fergus. 1999.
Barrow's Boys.
London: Granta Books.

Fleming, Fergus. 2001.
Ninety Degrees North: The Quest for the North Pole.
New York: Grove Press.

Franklin, John. 1823.
Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea, in the years 1819, 20, 21, and 22, with an Appendix on Various Subjects Relating to Science and Natural History.
London: John Murray.

Franklin, John. 1828.
Narrative of a Second Expedition to the Shores of the Polar Sea, in the Years 1825, 1826, and 1827, including an account of the Progress of a Detachment to the Eastward by John Richardson.
London: John Murray.

Geiger, John. 2001. Exploring Leadership.
National Post.
October 26, 2001.

Gibson, William. 1932. Some further traces of the Franklin retreat.
Geographical Journal.
79:402–08.

Gibson, William. 1933. The Dease and Simpson cairn.
The Beaver.
264:44–45.

Gibson, William. 1937. Sir John Franklin's last voyage.
The Beaver.
268:44–75.

Gilder, W.H. 1881.
Schwatka's Search.
New York: Scribner's Sons.

Gilpin, J.D. 1850. Outline of the voyage of HMS
Enterprise
and
Investigator
to Barrow Strait in search of Sir John Franklin.
Nautical Magazine.

Glob, P.V. 1969.
The Bog People.
London: Faber and Faber.

Gzowski, P. 1981.
The Sacrament.
Toronto: McClelland and Stewart.

Holland, Clive. 1980. Franklin expedition and search.
The Discoverers; an Encyclopedia of Explorers and Exploration.
H. Delpar, ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Huntford, Roland. 1979.
The Last Place on Earth.
London: Pan Books.

Inglefield, E.A. 1852. Unpublished letter to Sir Francis Beaufort, dated 14 September 1852.

Inglefield, E.A. 1853.
A Summer Search for Sir John Franklin with a Peep into a Polar Basin.
London: Thomas Harrison and Son.

International Tin Research and Development Council. 1939.
Historic Tinned Foods.

International Tin Research and Development Council Publication Number 85 (Second Edition). Middlesex: Greenford.

Johnson, R.E., Johnson, M.H., Jeanes, H.S., and Deaver, S.M. 1984.
Schwatka: The Life of Frederick Schwatka (1849–1892), M.D., Arctic Explorer, Cavalry Officer.
Montpelier: Horn of the Moon.

Jones, A.G.E. 1971. Sir James Clark Ross and the Voyage of the
Enterprise
and
Investigator.
1848–49.
Royal Geographical Society Journal.
Vol. 137.

Kane, Elisha Kent. 1854.
The U.S. Grinnell Expedition in Search of Sir John Franklin. Personal Narrative.
New York: Harper and Brothers.

Kane, Elisha Kent. 1856.
Arctic Explorations: The Second Grinnell Expedition in Search of Sir John Franklin, 1853, '54, '55.
Philadelphia: Childs and Peterson.

Kane, Elisha Kent. 1898.
Arctic Explorations in Search of Sir John Franklin.
London: T. Nelson and Sons.

Keenleyside, A., X. Song, D.R. Chettle and C.E. Webber. 1996. The Lead Content of Human Bones from the 1845 Franklin Expedition.
Journal of Archaeological Science.
23.

Keenleyside, Anne, Margaret Bertulli and Henry C. Fricke. 1997. The Final Days of the Franklin Expedition: New Skeletal Evidence.
Arctic.
Vol. 50, No. 1.

Kowal, W., Beattie, O.B., Baadsgaard, H., and Krahn, P. 1990. Did Solder kill Franklin's men?
Nature.
343:319–320.

Kowal, W.A., Krahn, P.M., and Beattie, O.B. Lead levels in human tissues from the Franklin Forensic Project.
International Journal of Analytical Chemistry.
35:119–26.

Kowal, Walter, Beattie, Owen, Baadsgaard, Halfdan, and Krahn, Peter M. 1991. Source Identification of Lead Found in Tissues of Sailors from the Franklin Arctic Expedition of 1845.
Journal of Archaeological Science.
19:193–203.

Kowalewska-Grochowska, K., Amy, R., Lui, B., McWhirter, R., and Merrill, H. 1988. Isolation and sensitivities of century-old bacteria from the Franklin expedition. Poster presented at the Interscience Conference Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. California: Los Angeles.

Lamb, Jonathan. 2002. Captain Cook and the Scourge of Scurvy.
www.bbc.co.uk/ history/discovery/exploration/captaincook_scurvy_01.shtml
.

Lieb, Clarence W. 1929. The effect on human beings of a twelve months' exclusive meat diet.
Journal of the American Medical Association.
Vol. 93, No. 1.

Lind, James. 1753.
A Treatise on Scurvy.
Facsimile edition (1953), C.P. Stewart and D. Guthrie, ed. Edinburgh: University Press.

Loomis, C.C. 1971.
Weird & Tragic Shores.
London: MacMillan.

MacInnis, Joe. 1985.
The Land That Devours Ships.
Toronto: CBC Enterprises.

M'Clintock, F.L. 1908.
The Voyage of the “Fox” In Arctic Seas.
London: John Murray.

M'Clintock, Francis Leopold. 1984. Reminiscences of Arctic ice-travel in search of Sir John Franklin and his Companions. Ottawa: Canadian Institute for Historical MicroreProductions.

McCord, Carey P. 1954. Lead and Lead Poisoning in Early America.
Industrial Medicine and Surgery.

M'Dougall, George Frederick. 1857.
The Eventful Voyage of h.m. Discovery Ship “Resolute” to the Arctic Regions, in Search of Sir John Franklin and the Missing Crew of h.m. Discovery ships ‘Erebus' and ‘Terror,' 1852, 1853, 1854.
London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans and Roberts.

Magruder, W.E. 1883. Lead-poisoning from canned food.
Medical News.
xliii:261–263.

Markham, A.H. 1891.
Life of Sir John Franklin and the North-West Passage.
London: G. Philip.

Martin, Constance. 1983.
James Hamilton: Arctic Watercolours.
Calgary: Glenbow Museum.

Murchison, R. 1853. Commander E.A. Inglefield—Royal Awards.
Journal of the Royal Geographical Society.
23:ix–ixi.

Nanton, Paul. 1970.
Arctic Breakthrough.
Toronto: Clarke, Irwin & Co.

Neatby, L.H. 1958.
In Quest of the Northwest Passage.
Toronto: Longmans, Green and Company.

Neatby, L.H. 1970.
Search for Franklin.
Edmonton: Hurtig.

Newman, Peter C. 1985.
Company of Adventurers.
Markham: Penguin Books.

Notman, D., Anderson, L., Beattie, O., and Amy, R. n.d. Arctic paleoradiology: portable x-ray examination of two frozen sailors from the Franklin expedition (1845–48).
American Journal of Roentgenology:
accepted in April, 1987.

Notman, D. and O. Beattie. 1996. The Palaeoimaging and Forensic Anthropology of Frozen Sailors from the Franklin Arctic Expedition Mass Disaster (1845–8): A Detailed Presentation of Two Radiological Surveys.
Der Mann im Eis.
Vol. III. K. Spindler, ed. Vienna: Springer-Verlag.

Nourse, J.E., ed. 1879.
Narrative of the Second Arctic Expedition of C.F. Hall.
Washington: United States Naval Observatory.

Osborn, Sherard. 1856. Notes on the late Arctic Expeditions.
Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society.
London: Royal Geographical Society.

Osborn, Sherard. 1859. The Last Voyage of Sir John Franklin.
Once A Week.

Osborn, Sherard. 1865.
Stray Leaves from an Arctic Journal; or, Eighteen Months in the Polar Regions, in Search of Sir John Franklin's Expedition, in the Years 1850–51.
London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.

Osborn, Sherard, ed. 1857.
The Discovery of the North-West Passage by HMS ‘Investigator,' Capt. R. M'Clure. 1850, 1851, 1852, 1853, 1854, Second Edition.
London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans and Roberts.

Owen, Roderic. 1978.
The Fate of Franklin.
London: Hutchinson.

Parliamentary Papers. 1850. Arctic Expedition. 58–64. London.

Parry, William Edward. 1821.
Journal of a Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific; Performed in the Years 1819–20, in His Majesty's Ships “Hecla” and “Griper.”
London: John Murray.

Parry, William Edward. 1858.
Three Voyages for the Discovery of a Northwest Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific and Narrative of an Attempt to Reach the North Pole, Vol. I.
New York: Harper & Bros.

Rae, John. 1855. Arctic exploration, with information respecting Sir John Franklin's missing party.
Journal of the Royal Geographical Society.
25:246–56.

Rasmussen, K. 1927.
Across Arctic America: Narrative of the Fifth Thule Expedition.
New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.

Read, P.P. 1974.
Alive: the Story of the Andes Survivors.
New York: Avon Books.

Roland, Charles G. 1984. Saturnism at Hudson's Bay: The York Factory Complaint of 1833–1836.
Canadian Bulletin of Medical History.
1:59–78.

Ross, John. 1835.
Narrative of a Second Voyage in Search of Northwest Passage, and of a Residence in the Arctic Regions.
London: A.W. Webster.

Savours, Ann. 1999.
The Search for the North West Passage.
London: Chatham Publishing.

Simpson, Thomas. 1843.
Narrative of the Discoveries on the North Coast of America: Effected by the Officers of the Hudson's Bay Company During the Years 1836–39.
London: Richard Bentley.

Spindler, Konrad. 1999. The Tyrolean Iceman and the Seamen from Beechey Island.
OeCulture.
No. 2.

Stackpole, E.A., ed. 1965.
The Long Arctic Search: The Narrative of Lieutenant Frederick Schwatka, U.S.A., 1878–1880.
Mystic: Marine Historical Association.