Girl Trouble (35 page)

44
Lawson Tait, R.,
Pathology and Treatment of Diseases of the Ovaries
, Birmingham: Cornish Brothers, New Street, 1883; Clouston, T. S., ‘Psychological Dangers to Women in Modern Social Developments', in
The Position of Women, Actual and Ideal. A Series of Papers Delivered in Edinburgh, 1911, with a preface by Sir Oliver Lodge
, London: Nisbet, 1911, pp. 108–11; Thorburn, J.,
Female Education from a Physiological Point of View
, Manchester: Owen's College, 1884.

45
Tylecote, M.,
The Education of Women at Manchester University, 1883–1933,
Publications of the University of Manchester no. 277, 1941, p. 31.

46
Histories of women's fight for medical education include: Bell, E. Moberley,
Storming the Citadel: The Rise of the Woman Doctor
, London: Constable, 1953; Lutzker, E.,
Women
Gain a Place in Medicine,
New York: McGraw Hill, 1969; Blake, C.,
The Charge of the Parasols: Women's Entry to the Medical Profession
, London: Women's Press, 1990; Bonner, T. Melville,
To the Ends of the Earth:
Women's Search for Education in Medicine
, London and Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992. See also Dyhouse, C., ‘Driving Ambitions: Women in Pursuit of a Medical Education 1890–1939', in the same author's
Students: A Gendered History,
London and New York: Routledge, 2006.

47
On Elizabeth Garrett Anderson see Anderson, L.,
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, 1836–1917,
London: Faber and Faber, 1939.

48
Garrett Anderson, E., ‘Sex in Mind and Education: A Reply',
Fortnightly Review,
15, 1874, pp. 582–94.

49
Annie G. Howes (chair),
Health Statistics of Women College Graduates: Report of Special Committee of the Association of Collegiate Alumni, together with Statistical Tables Collated by the Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labour,
Boston, MA: Wright and Potter, 1885.

50
Mrs H. Sidgwick,
Health Statistics of Women Students of Cambridge and Oxford and of Their Sisters,
Cambridge University Press, 1890.

51
Pfeiffer, E.,
Women and Work: An Essay,
London: Trübner, 1888.

52
Ibid, pp. 89–101.

53
Atkinson, P., ‘Fitness, Feminism and Schooling', in Delamont, S., and Duffin, L. (eds),
The Nineteenth Century Woman
.

54
Tylecote,
The Education of Women at Manchester University
, p. 31.

55
See Chisholm, C.,
The Medical Inspection of Girls in Secondary Schools,
London and New York: Longmans Green and Co., 1914.

56
On the WSPU and suffrage battles generally see, among others, Purvis, J., and Holton, S. Stanley,
Votes for Women,
London: Routledge, 2000, and Purvis, J., and Joannou, M.,
The Women's Suffrage Movement: New Feminist Perspectives,
Manchester University Press, 1998.

57
Liddington, J., and Norris, J.,
One Hand Tied behind Us: The Rise of the Women's Suffrage Movement,
Virago: London 1978, reprinted by Rivers Oram Press, 2000.

58
For details of suffragette processions and spectacle see Tickner, L.,
The Spectacle of Women: Imagery of the Suffragette Campaign, 1907–1914
, London: Chatto and Windus, 1988.

59
West, R., ‘A Reed of Steel', in Marcus, Jane (ed.),
The Young Rebecca
, p. 243.

60
Lytton, Lady Constance and ‘Wharton, J., Spinster',
Prison and Prisoners: Some Personal Experiences,
London: Heinemann, 1914.

61
Liddington, J.,
Rebel Girls: Their Fight for the Vote,
London: Virago, 2006.

62
Ibid.

63
Rosen, A.,
Rise Up Women! The Militant Campaign of the Women's Social and Political Union 1903–1914
, London: Routledge, 1974, p. 125.

64
The admirer was Henry Nevinson. See John, Angela V.,
War, Journalism and the Shaping of the Twentieth Century: The Life and Times of Henry W. Nevinson,
London: I. B. Tauris, 2006, p. 100.

65
Tickner,
The Spectacle of Women.
The Women's Library has several postcard images of the Women's Coronation Procession, 17 June 1911, 129, postcard box 04.

66
Crawford, E.,
The Women's Suffrage Movement, a Reference Guide, 1866–1928
, London: UCL Press, 1999, pp. 322–3.

67
Dyhouse,
No Distinction of Sex,
pp. 217–18.

68
For Emmeline Pankhurst and her relationships with her daughters see Purvis, J.,
Emmeline Pankhurst: A Biography,
London: Routledge, 2002.

69
Brittain,
Testament of Youth,
pp. 38–9.

70
Marjorie Anderson, interview with Winifred Starbuck, first broadcast on
Woman's Hour
, c. 1958,
www.bbc.co.uk/archive/suffragettes/8323.shtml
.

71
Dyhouse,
Girls Growing Up
,
Chapter 3
.

72
Davin, A., ‘Imperialism and Motherhood',
History Workshop Journal
, 5:1, 1978, pp. 9–66.

73
Dyhouse, C., ‘Good Wives and Little Mothers: Social Anxieties and the Schoolgirl's Curriculum, 1890–1920',
Oxford Review of Education,
3:1, 1977, pp. 21–35.

74
See for instance, Bremner, C. S.,
The Education of Girls and Women in Great Britain,
London: Swann Sonnenschein, 1897, pp. 47–8; Dyhouse,
Girls Growing Up
, pp. 170–1.

75
Chorley, K.,
Manchester Made Them,
London: Faber and Faber, 1950, p. 248.

76
Hall, G. Stanley,
Adolescence: Its Psychology and Relation to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion and Education,
New York: Appleton, 1904.

77
See also Hall, G. Stanley,
Educational Problems
, New York: Appleton, 1911; and his
Youth: Its Regimen and Hygiene
, New York: Appleton, 1906.

78
See discussion of Hall's views in Dyhouse,
Girls Growing Up
,
Chapter 4
, ‘Adolescent Girlhood: Autonomy versus Dependence'.

79
Cole, M.,
Marriage, Past and Present,
London: J. M. Dent and Sons, 1938, p. 95.

80
Hall, ‘The Budding Girl', in
Educational Problems,
vol. II, p. 1.

81
Ibid., p. 33.

82
Ibid., p. 34.

83
Hall,
Youth: Its Regimen and Hygiene
, pp. 303–19.

84
Ibid., pp. 320–1.

85
Hall,
Educational Problems
, p. 29.

86
Ibid., pp. 29–33.

87
Quoted in Stacey, J., Béreaud, S., and Daniels, J. (eds),
And Jill Came Tumbling After: Sexism in American Education,
New York: Dell, 1974, p. 277.

88
Ross, D.,
G. Stanley Hall: The Psychologist as Prophet
, University of Chicago Press, 1972, pp. 9, 97–8.

89
Campbell, J. M., ‘The Effect of Adolescence on the Brain of the Girl', paper presented to the Association of University Women Teachers in London, 23 May 1908, pp. 5–6.

90
Barnard, A. B.,
The Girl's Book about Herself
, London: Cassell, 1912, pp. 21–2.

91
Blanchard, P.,
The Care of the Adolescent Girl,
London: Kegan Paul, 1921, esp. p. 67.

92
See, for instance, Saywell, E.,
The Growing Girl
, London: Methuen, 1922.

93
Dangerfield, G.,
The Strange Death of Liberal England,
London: Constable, 1936, described the suffragettes in such terms.

3 Brazen flappers

1
The relationship between modernity, young women and femininity was much discussed not only in Britain but also on a global
level. ‘The Modern Girl Around the World' research group, based at Duke University in North Carolina but incorporating scholars from all over the world, has been focusing on these issues, particularly in relation to representations and the appearance of ‘the modern girl'. See Weinbaum, E., Thomas, Lynn M., Barlow, Tani E., Ramamurthy, P., Poiger, Uta G., and Yue Dong, M. (eds),
The Modern Girl Around the World,
Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2008. An earlier statement of research findings was published by the same group in
Gender and History
, 17:2, 2005, pp. 245–94. See also Søland, B.,
Becoming Modern: Young Women and the Reconstruction of Womanhood in the 1920s,
Princeton University Press, 2000.

2
The argument that women's war effort earned them the vote was popularised by Arthur Marwick in his widely read
The Deluge: British Society and the First World War
, London: Bodley Head, 1965. Different viewpoints are put forward in Braybon, G.,
Women Workers in the First World War: The British Experience
, London: Croom Helm 1981, and more recently Noakes, L.,
Women in the British Army: War and the Gentle Sex, 1907–1948,
London and New York: Routledge, 2006.

3
Smith, Harold L.,
The British Women's Suffrage Campaign, 1866–1928
, London and New York: Longmans, 1998, esp. pp. 70–1.

4
Melman, B.,
Women and the Popular Imagination in the 1920s
, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1988.

5
Mrs Alec Tweedie,
Women and Soldiers,
London: John Lane, Bodley Head, 1918, Chapter VIII, ‘War Hysteria'.

6
Woollacott, A., ‘“Khaki Fever” and Its Control: Gender, Class, Age and Sexual Morality on the British Home Front in the First World War',
Journal of Contemporary History,
29, 1994, pp. 325–47.

7
Tweedie,
Women and Soldiers
, p. 93.

8
Voeltz, Richard A., ‘The Antidote to “Khaki Fever”? The Expansion of the British Girl Guides during the First World War',
Journal of Contemporary History,
27, 1992, pp. 627–38; see p. 632.

9
Dyhouse,
Girls Growing Up in Late Victorian and Edwardian England
, pp. 110–14.

10
See Reports on Guiding by Agnes Baden-Powell published in the women's magazine,
Home Notes
, 1910–1911; also Agnes Baden-Powell's
The Handbook for Girl Guides; Or, How Girls Can Help Build the Empire
, London: Thos Nelson and Sons, 1912.

11
Kerr, Rose,
The Story of the Girl Guides 1908–1938
, London: Girl Guides Association, 1976; Baden-Powell, O.,
Window on My Heart: The Autobiography of Olave, Lady Baden-Powell, as told to Mary Drewery
, London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1973.

12
Lady Baden-Powell,
Training Girls as Guides: Hints to Commissioners and All Who Are Interested in the Welfare and Training of Girls
, London: Pearson, 1917, pp. 13–14.

13
Ibid., pp. 13–21.

14
See
,
among others, Bingham, A.,
Gender, Modernity and the Popular Press in Inter-War Britain
, Oxford University Press, 2004.

15
Shingled, Bingled and Bobbed
was the title of a play written for the Girls' Friendly Society by J. A. S. Edwards in 1929.
www.londonmet.ac.uk/thewomenslibrary/gfs/branches/branches-3.html
.

16
Gillies, M.,
Amy Johnson: Queen of the Air
, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2003; London: Orion Books, 2004, p. 23.

17
Hale,
A Slender Reputation
, p. 7.

18
Dyhouse, C.,
Glamour: Women, History, Feminism,
London: Zed Books, 2010, esp.
Chapters 2
and
3
.

19
Cited in Voeltz, ‘The Antidote to “Khaki Fever” …', p. 632.

20
‘The 1920 Girl: Competition for “The Elusive Male”, Britain's Surplus of Women',
The Times
, 5 February 1920, p. 9.

21
Levine, P., ‘Battle Colors: Race, Sex, and Colonial Soldiery in World War I',
Journal of Women's History
, 9:4, 1998, pp. 104–30; Bland, L., ‘White Women and Men of Colour: Miscegenation Fears in Britain after the Great War',
Gender and History
, 17:1, 2005, pp. 29–61.

22
Report in
British Medical Journal
, 3 April 1915, pp. 613–14.

23
Levine, ‘Battle Colors', p. 116.

24
Tabili, L., ‘Women “of a Very Low Type”: Crossing Racial Boundaries in Imperial Britain', in Frader, Laura F., and Rose, S. (eds),
Gender and Class in Modern Europe,
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996, pp. 165–90.

25
Kohn, M.,
Dope Girls: The Birth of the British Drug Underground,
London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1992.

26
The first of Sax Rohmer's series of novels about Fu Manchu, epitome of ‘the Yellow Peril' was
The Mystery of Dr Fu Manchu
, published in Britain in 1913.

27
For stories of Billie Carleton and Freda Kempton see Kohn,
Dope Girls,
pp. 96–141.

28
‘Clemence Dane' (Winifred Ashton),
Regiment of Women,
London: Heinemann, 1917.

29
‘Clemence Dane',
The Women's Side,
London: H. Jenkins, 1926, See the chapter ‘A Problem in Education' and p. 64.

30
See Love, H., ‘Radclyffe Hall', in Kastan, David Scott, (ed.),
The Oxford Encyclopaedia of British Literature,
vol. I, p. 499.