God's Chinese Son (53 page)
5.
Dialogue from Downing,
Fan-qui,
1:84, also cited with variants in Hutcheon,
Chinnery,
88—89, and Collis,
Foreign Mud,
33; on Tanka dress and morals, see Bingham,
Narrative,
2:272.
6.
Morrison,
Commercial Guide,
12; Downing,
Fan-qui,
200-201.
7.
Bridgman, "Obituary," 516.
8.
Ibid., 515-16.
9.
Liang,
Quanshi,
291, 96; Bohr, "Liang Fa's Quest," 36-38; Stevens, "Milne," 322; Milne,
Memorials,
22-30.
10.
Liang,
Quanshi,
302; Wylie,
Memorials,
21; Gutzlaff,
journal,
lxxi-lxxvii; Bays, "Christian Tracts," 22-25.
11.
Liang,
Quanshi,
306; Wylie,
Memorials,
22; Robert Morrison, letter of Nov. 26, 1819, LMS, "South China," Box 2, folder 1.
12.
Liang,
Quanshi;
McNeur,
Liang A-fa;
Bohr, "Liang Fa's Quest," 40-46.
13.
Liang discusses his methodology in his diaries, which are extracted by Robert Morrison in various letters between 1830 and 1833. See LMS, "South China," esp. Box 3, folders 1 and 2.
14.
Wylie,
Memorials,
11-12, on Kew Agong.
15.
Ibid, 22.
16.
Stevens, "Gospel," 434.
17.
Ibid, 436; Schlyter,
Gutzlaff als Missionar,
92-93, 294-95. Gutzlaffs strong influence in the United States is explored in Lutz, "Grand Illusion."
18.
Stevens, "Bohea," 92-93. Letters to Peter Parker, Canton, Aug. 27, 1835, Williams Papers.
19.
Ibid, 87-88, 93; Stevens, "Huron," 330-33; Medhurst, "Huron," 408, was less excited, claiming only 3,500 books distributed in Shandong.
20.
Stevens, "Morrison," 180—81. For a detailed study of Morrison and the missionary background, see Rubinstein,
Origins,
chaps. 1-4.
21.
Hunter,
Fan Kwae,
43; Lutz, "Karl Gutzlaff," 68-69; Gutzlaff
Journal,
103; Stevens, "Bohea," 85, 89; Hutcheon,
Chinnery,
102, for an illustration of Gutzlaff in Chinese dress; see also Stifler, "Language Students," 64, 74, 79, for earlier cases of Thomas Manning and Lee / Plumb.
22.
Stevens, "Bohea," 93. In a letter to his brother dated Canton, Feb. 19, 1835, S. Wells Williams noted Stevens' presence, Gutzlaffs present work, and Liang Afa's recent departure. See Williams Papers, MS no. 547.
23.
CR,
4:343, citing edict of Daoguang 15/8/24.
24.
Canton Register,
April 15, 1834; Milne's original edition is summarized in Wylie,
Memorials,
19-20. Drake, "Protestant Geography," 95-100, is skeptical of the effectiveness of Gutzlaff s journal.
25.
Canton Register,
June 14, 1836, mentioning that the printer "Keuhachaou" "is still in prison where he has lain for some months past."
26.
Stevens, "Bohea," 94; Stevens, "Huron," 317-19.
27.
Stevens, "Bohea," 95-96.
Chapter 3: Home Ground
1.
Jen,
Revolutionary Movement,
12—14. Snowfall:
Canton Register,
Feb. 9, 1836, and
CR,
5:581. Exam timing is based on calculations in
Canton Register,
April 14, 1835, and
CR,
1:483 n. For a summary of the earlier possible dates, see Boardman,
Christian Influence,
98-99 n. 124.
2.
Earlier discrepancies on Hong's family are cleared up by Chen Zhoutang,
Hongshi zongpu,
54, which proves Hong's mother's name was Wang, correcting Hamberg,
Visions,
2,
which gives her name as Choo; by Wang Qingcheng, "Zupu"; and Luo Ergang,
Taiping Tianguo shi,
1697-99. On Hong's first arranged marriage to the sister of Su Si'an, see Chen Zhoutang, ed.,
Guangdong dichu,
46-47. Hamberg,
Visions,
6, on the stipends. My thanks to Xia Chuntao for much help in clarifying these relationships.
3.
Canton Register,
Sept. 8, 1835.
4.
Huaxian zhi,
prefaces; juan 1, 12-18, and chap. 4, 1-26, on founding; juan 3, 1-7, on staff and garrisons; juan 2, 25-26, on acreage and population.
5.
Hamberg,
Visions,
3; Wang Qingcheng, "Zupu," 493-94.
6.
Hashimoto,
Haifa Dialect,
1. The background of Hakka history is thoroughly presented in Bohr, "Eschatology," 14-19, 285-86. He discusses the Hakka quotas in 296 n. 67.
7.
CR,
4:494.
8.
The fullest historical overview of Hakka culture is Luo Xianglin,
Kejia.
Contemporary Hakka remnants of former customs in Taiwan are fully analyzed by Gao,
Kejia.
On Tanka, see Davis,
Chinese,
2:27.
9.
Hashimoto,
Haifa Dialect,
16, referring to Chang Shou-p'eng and Lu Fei's work of 1783, and the
Hsing-ning hsien-chih
of 1811.
10.
Chen Zhoutang,
Hongshi zongpu,
6, 15, 22-23; Cohen, "Hakka," 242, expresses skepticism on the pre-Song data.
11.
Chen Zhoutang,
Hongshi zongpu,
40-44.
12.
Huaxian zhi,
3:37-46.
13.
Cohen, "Hakka," 249-54, 271-73; Luo Xianglin,
Kejia,
336-45, illustrations 20-24.
14.
Hamberg,
Visions,
4.
15.
Huaxian zhi,
1:38-45.
16.
Wieger,
Moral Tenets,
133-34; Mair, "Language and Ideology," 335-40, 349-56.
17.
Huaxian zhi,
1:46b, 51 b-52.
18.
Ibid., 58-59.
19.
Ibid., 61.
20.
Canton Register,
April 28, May 5, May 12, 1835.
21.
Ibid., June 2, 1835.
22.
Ibid., Sept. 6, 1836.
23.
Hamberg,
Visions,
8.
24.
Ibid., 8-9.
Guangzhou fuzhi,
juan 8, has detailed maps and a plan of the examination halls. Jen,
Revolutionary Movement,
14 n.
25.
Wylie,
Memorials,
84; Bridgman, "Obituary of Stevens," 515.
26.
Stevens, "Gospel," 432.
27.
Bridgman, "Obituary," 514.
28.
As in
CR,
5:169. Shen Fu,
Six Records,
124, confirms ease of Canton gate bribes.
29.
Stevens, "Huron," 326.
30.
Wylie,
Memorials,
12, 22.
31.
J. R. Morrison, letter to Rev. Ellis, Canton, May 15, 1836, LMS, "South China," Box
3,
folder 2, jacket C.
32.
Bridgman, "Obituary," 517; Wylie,
Memorials,
84. S. Wells Williams refers to Stevens' death in three letters written from Macao, Feb. 22, May 15, and Dec. 26, 1837. See Williams Papers, MS no. 547.
33.
Hamberg,
Visions,
9.
34.
Liang,
Quanshi,
reprint 3, line 7, for Hong and destruction; 213, line 4, for Jehovah. On earlier Chinese deluge themes see Ziircher, "Prince Moonlight," 21-22, 29.
35.
Liang,
Quanshi,
213-20, for translation of Genesis chap. 6 and chap. 7, up to verse 23.
36.
Ibid., index 6, line; on 271-74 Liang paraphrases the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah.
Chapter 4: Sky War
1
.Huaxian zhi,
1:32—33;
Canton Register,
April 14, 1835, Feb. 23, 1836. Tragedy sometimes mixed with local belief, as in the case of the racing crew from a village near Canton. Ignoring the custom that all dragon boats be buried under the ground between the annual festivals, they had kept theirs above ground all year. Practicing in 1836 on the river near a rival's village, they sank suddenly, and twenty of their village men were drowned, including one military licentiate from the recent exams. See
Canton Register,
June 28, 1836.
2.
Huaxian zhi,
1:31-33;
Canton Register,
Sept. 1, 1835; these descriptions from Hua can be compared with the detailed coverage in Wieger,
Moral Tenets,
405—39.
3.
Canton Register,
Sept. 29, 1835, July 19, Oct. 25, 1836. At other times, the mishaps are merely comic, though close to tragedy, as when two small boys, climbing a tree to watch the festival plays outside the west gate, fall in their excitement on the head of an old man underneath; they could have killed him, but fortunately all survived. Ibid., Nov. 3, 1835.
4.
Huaxian zhi,
1:30-33.
