God’s Traitors: Terror & Faith in Elizabethan England (64 page)

Notes

Introduction

1
     The following account is taken from the two examinations of Anne Vaux, reported on 11 March and 24 March, and her ‘declaration’ of 12 March 1606 (PRO SP 14/216, nos 200, 201, 212). The official ‘interrogatories’ are not extant, but one can glean them from Anne’s answers and from the letter of Luisa de Carvajal to Magdalena de San Jerónimo, 12 April 1606 (NS), in Rhodes,
This Tight Embrace
, pp. 237–9. I have also drawn on Garnet’s several examinations and statements, the Proclamation of 15 January 1606, the orange-juice letters exchanged between Garnet and Anne, and various examinations of conspirators, suspects and servants taken in the aftermath of the discovery of the Gunpowder Plot. Full details and context can be found in Part Four. Quotations given here can be found at: CP, 110, f. 33v; 115, f. 15v; 193, no. 57; Larkin and Hughes,
Stuart Royal Proclamations
, p. 132.

2
     BL Add. MS 39829, f. 10r. For Campion’s praise of Eleanor, see Anstruther,
Vaux
, p. 101.

3
     
A Tract on the Succession to the Crown
(1602), cited by Kilroy,
Edmund Campion
, p. 114.

4
     Geoffrey Nuttall (‘The English Martyrs’) counted 189 English Catholic ‘martyrs’, but acknowledged the difficulty in defining martyrdom. Patrick McGrath (
Papists and Puritans
, pp. 177
n
, 255–6), Penry Williams (
Later Tudors
, p. 475) and Diarmaid MacCulloch (
Reformation
, p. 392) give the figure of 191 executions: 131 priests and 60 laypersons.

5
     Margaret Ward, cited by Crawford,
Women and Religion
, p. 63.

6
     Bod MS Eng. Th. B. 1, p. 3.

7
     Bossy (
English Catholic Community
, ch. 8) defines a Catholic as one who habitually, though not necessarily regularly, used the services of a priest. The diocesan returns of 1603 recorded 8,590 recusants, though local influence, poor enforcement, ‘riding up and down the country’, etc. meant that many escaped presentation for recusancy. Also see Miola,
Early Modern Catholicism
, pp. 26–9.

Prelude:
The Calm before Campion

1
     Simpson,
Campion
, p. 248.

2
     BL Harl MS 859, f. 44r.

3
     Edmund Campion to Henry Vaux, 28 July 1570, trans. Anstruther, in
Vaux
, pp. 100–2.

4
     PRO C 81/863, no. 4673.

5
     
Letters and Papers, Henry VIII
, I, i, 257(32), 357(45).

6
     PRO E 36/215, f. 65r.

7
     
Letters and Papers, Henry VIII
, IV, ii, 4040.

8
     
Vaux Petitions
, p. 4. Dugdale,
Baronage
(1676), pp. 304–5. It is unlikely that he was the Thomas Vaulx who wrote to the Duke of Norfolk from Ampthill in April 1533 about the resistance of Catherine of Aragon and her household to her new status as Princess Dowager (BL Cotton MS Otho CX, f. 177). Unfortunately, the letter is not signed, but other references to this man never refer to ‘Lord Vaux’, only ‘Thomas Vaux’. Anstruther (p. 41) suggests that this man was a member of the Vauxes of Odiham, Hampshire. See too: BL Cotton MS Otho CX, fols. 199r–205v;
State Papers, Henry VIII
, I, ii (1831), p. 394;
Letters and Papers, Henry VIII
, II, ii, p. 1548.

9
     
LJ
, I, pp. 65–82 (esp. at pp. 75, 77, 81–2). S. E. Lehmberg,
The Reformation Parliament
(Cambridge, 1970), p. 199.

10
   
Vaux Petitions
, p. 4; BL Harl MS 158, f. 143v;
LJ
, I, p. 297.

11
   PRO SP 1/100, f. 92.

12
   Rollins,
Tottel’s Miscellany
, I, no. 212; II, pp. 283–6. Puttenham,
The Arte of English Poesie
, pp. 60, 62, 239–40. Puttenham confuses Thomas with his father, Nicholas.

13
   Rollins,
The Paradise of Dainty Devices
, no. 89, lines 1–4.

14
   Bowler,
Recusant Roll No. 2
, note 160 on p. xliv.

15
   PRO SP 1/98, ff. 74–82.

16
   Loarte,
The Exercise of a Christian Life
, p. 55.

17
   Bod MS Eng. Th. B. 2, p. 159; Vaux,
Catechisme
, pp. 108–9.

18
   T. More,
Treatise on the Passion
, Yale,
Complete Works
, vol. 13, p. 143.

19
   In 1535 the chaplain was ‘Mr Moote’ (PRO SP 1/98, f. 75r).

20
   Garnet,
The Societie of the Rosary
, pp. 149–50; Loarte,
The Exercise of a Christian Life
, pp. 90–1.

21
   Vaux,
Catechisme
, p. 76.

22
   PRO PROB 11/21/178.

23
   Williams, ‘Forbidden Sacred Spaces’, pp. 111–12.

24
   The authority on the subject is Eamon Duffy’s
The Stripping of the Altars
, esp. ch. 13.

25
   Fincham and Tyacke, ‘Religious Change and the Laity in England’, p. 43.

26
   Anstruther,
Vaux
, pp. 60–1 and App. D.

27
   Ingram,
Church Courts, Sex and Marriage
, ch. 3, esp. pp. 116 (for quotation) and p. 123 for the ‘unspectacular orthodoxy’ of the majority. See too Marsh,
Popular Religion
, ch. 2.

28
   Duffy,
Fires of Faith
,
passim
; MacCulloch,
Reformation
, pp. 282–4.

29
   Foxe,
Acts and Monuments
(1563 edn), bk 5, p. 1131.

30
   Duffy,
Fires of Faith
, p. 87.

31
   Foxe,
Acts and Monuments
(1570 edn), bk. 11, p. 1703.

32
   Ibid. (1563 edn), bk 5, p. 1699. Subsequent editions depict a woodcut of the burning.

33
   NRO WR 337; Anstruther,
Vaux
, p. 101.

34
   NRO Parish Register, Irthlingborough, 1562.

35
   BL Lans. MS 33, f. 64r. John Murray (
English Dramatic Companies
, vol. 2, 1910, pp. 97, 209, 291, 308) gives instances of the bears on tour in the reign of Elizabeth, and of Lord Vaux’s players at the beginning of the seventeenth century. The
Letter-Book of Gabriel Harvey
(1884, p. 67) shows that the players were also active in the 1570s.

36
   BL Add. MS 39828, f. 270v.

37
   BL Lans. MS 991, f. 164r.

38
   Strype,
Annals
, I, pt II, pp. 390–1; D’Ewes,
Journals
, p. 8.

39
   Jones,
Faith by Statute
, p. 100.

40
   For the Elizabethan Settlement as a ‘frozen tableau of her brother’s Church’, see MacCulloch, ‘Latitude’, pp. 45–52.

41
   Parker, ‘Messianic Vision’, pp. 181–2, 191.

42
   Alford,
Burghley
, pp. 124–5.

43
   Ibid., p. 155.

44
   
CSP Rome, 1558–1571
, p. 266.

45
   NRO WR 337; BL Lans. MS 15, ff. 181r, 186r.

46
   Simpson,
Campion
, p. 226.

47
   Kilroy,
Edmund Campion
, Transcription I (quotations at pp. 177, 193). Kilroy (p. 4 and Ch. 2) argues that ‘the epic reveals Campion’s secret intellectual journey to the Roman church’.

48
   Vossen,
Two Bokes
, pp. 1–13 (quotations at pp. 3, 6, 13). See too McCoog,
The Reckoned Expense
, pp. xiv–xxii.

49
   Vossen,
Two Bokes
, p. 8
n
.

50
   Haynes,
State Papers
, pp. 579–88 (quotation at p. 579).

51
   Longley,
Margaret Clitherow
, p. 35.

52
   Rex,
Elizabeth
, pp. 9–10.

53
   PRO SP 12/59, no. 22; Trimble,
Catholic Laity
, pp. 52–5; NRO Parish Register, Irthlingborough, 26 January 1569/70.

54
   Miola,
Early Modern Catholicism
, pp. 486–8.

55
   Alford,
Burghley
, p. 161.

56
   Bod MS Eng. Th. B. 1, p. 477;
CSP Spanish
II, p. 254.

57
   Taylor,
Tracts
, 15, pp. 18–19.

58
   13 Eliz. c. 1–3.

59
   Neale,
Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments
, pp. 213–14.

60
   Ibid., p. 215.

61
   Ibid., p. 216; La Mothe Fénélon,
Correspondance Diplomatique
, 1571–2 (1840), p. 106.

62
   
LJ
, I, pp. 681–8.

63
   Neale,
Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments
, p. 216.

64
   Plowden,
Danger to Elizabeth
, p. 95.

65
   NRO WR 337.

66
   
CSP Rome, 1558–1571
, pp. 393–400. See too
Letters of Mary Stuart
, ed. W. Turnbull (1845), p. 206n; Williams,
Fourth Duke of Norfolk
, pp. 199–201.

67
   Parker, ‘Messianic Vision’, p. 197
n
.

68
   Cecil,
Salutem in Christo
, sig. A6v.

69
   Parker, ‘Messianic Vision’, quotations at pp. 195, 197.

70
   Ibid., pp. 215–16; Alford,
Burghley
, p. 168.

71
   Guy,
My Heart is My Own
, pp. 467–8.

72
   Frieda,
Catherine de Medici
, p. 271.

73
   Plowden,
Danger to Elizabeth
, p. 106.