Grey Wolf: The Escape of Adolf Hitler (55 page)

  57    
“create some 980 front companies”:
Yeadon and Hawkins,
Nazi Hydra in America
.

  58    
“every known device”:
Manning,
Martin Bormann
.

  58    
“Bury your treasure deep”:
Ibid.

  59    
“self-contained refuge for Hitler”:
Jim Marrs,
The Rise of the Fourth Reich
(New York: William Morrow, 2008).

Chapter 7: R
ED
I
NDIANS AND
P
RIVATE
A
RMIES

  63    
“Naval Intelligence Commando Unit”:
The National Archives, Kew, London; Enclosure 1 to File ADM 223/500.

  63    
“Abwehrkommando”:
Steven Kippax, “Hitler’s Special Forces,”
Military Illustrated
155 (2001).

  64    
“Fleming’s ‘Red Indians’”:
This section is drawn from
The History of 30 Assault Unit 1942–1946
(London: King’s College Library Military Archives, Ref GB99). Lt. Cdr. Fleming’s room number was 39; Admiral Godfrey, in Room 38, was the role model for “M” in the James Bond novels. See also
http://www.30AU.co.uk
.

  65    
“Maj. Wurmann”:
Richard Breitman,
U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005).

  66    
30 CU’s jeeps:
David Nutting and Jim Glanville, eds.,
Attain by Surprise: The Story of 30 Assault Unit Royal Navy/ Royal Marine Commando and of Intelligence by Capture
(London: David Glover, 1997).

  66    
Tiger tank:
David Fletcher, historian, Royal Armoured Corps Tank Museum, Bovington, Dorset, UK, in interview with Simon Dunstan, August 2010. This Tiger tank—turret number 131 of Panzer Abteilung 504—now resides at Bovington. It is the only remaining Tiger I in the world that can still motor on its own tracks. Very heavily armored and mounting an 88mm main gun, the Tiger was twice the weight and possessed twice the firepower of the M4 Sherman medium tank that was the mainstay of both the American and British armored forces in 1943–45.

  67    
30 Assault Unit:
Nutting and Glanville,
Attain by Surprise
.

  67    
“Monuments Men”:
Robert M. Edsel,
Monuments Men: Allied Heroes, Nazi Thieves and the Greatest Treasure Hunt in History
(London: Arrow Books, 2009).

  68    
“Prior to this war”:
Nicola Lambourne,
War Damage in Western Europe: The Destruction of Historic Monuments during the Second World War
(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2001).

  68    
“Second Punic War”:
National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), College Park, Maryland; RG 239/ 47.

  69    
“Benedictine abbey of Monte Cassino”:
Report of the American Commission for the Protection and Salvage of Artistic and Historic Monuments in War Areas
(Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946). Arguably, the destruction by Allied bombing of the Mantegna frescoes in the Ovetari chapel, Church of the Eremitani, Padua, on March 11, 1944, was a comparable artistic tragedy.

  69    
“Tutti questi vaffunculi quadri!”:
David Tutaev,
The Consul of Florence
(London: Secker & Warburg, 1966).

  69    
“immense hoard of artistic plunder”:
Edsel,
Monuments Men
.

  70    
Uranium Committee and Manhattan Project:
Jim Baggott,
Atomic: The First War of Physics and the Secret War of the Atom Bomb 1939–1949
(London: Icon Books, 2009).

  71    
“Jewish physics”:
Richard Rhodes,
The Making of the Atomic Bomb
(London: Penguin Books, 1986).

  72    
“Unless and until we had positive knowledge”:
Cynthia C. Kelly, ed,
The Manhattan Project: The Birth of the Atomic Bomb in the Words of Its Creators, Eyewitnesses, and Historians
(New York: Atomic Heritage Foundation, 2007).

  72    
Alsos Mission:
Baggott,
Atomic
.

  73    
“bearer of this card”:
Patrick Dalzel-Job,
Arctic Snow to Dust of Normandy: The Extraordinary Wartime Exploits of a Naval Special Agent
(Barnsley, UK: Pen and Sword, 2005).

  73    
“targets of military or scientific importance”:
Sean Longden,
T-Force: The Race for Nazi War Secrets 1945
(London: Constable, 2009).

  73    
“Gold Rush” teams:
See Bernard Bernstein Papers at
http://www.trumanlibrary.org/hstpaper/bernstein/htm
.

Chapter 8: T
HE
H
UNTING
T
RAIL TO
P
ARIS

  74    
“peculiar fluttering noise in the air”:
Dalzel-Job,
Arctic Snow
.

  75    
“V-1 Vengeance Weapon”:
Steven J. Zaloga,
V-1 Flying Bomb 1942–52: Hitler’s Infamous “Doodlebug”
(Oxford: Osprey, 2005).

  75    
“Operation Crossbow”:
George S. Patton,
War, As I Knew It
(Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press, 1947). Between August 1943 and March 1945, Allied air forces flew 68,913 sorties and dropped 122,133 tons of bombs on V-1 and V-2 installations; this represented some 14 percent of all heavy bomber missions during that period.

  76    
“fifteen miles beyond the American beachhead’:
The National Archives, Kew, London; File ADM 223/214, History of 30 Commando Unit (later 30 Assault Unit and 30 Advance Unit).

  76    
“high-speed fighters”:
Zaloga,
V-1 Flying Bomb
.

  76    
“greatest single technical capture of the war”:
The National Archives, Kew, London; File ADM 223/214.

  77    
V-1s:
Zaloga,
V-1 Flying Bomb
. A total of 8,617 V-1s were fired, of which 1,052 crashed on takeoff. Of the 5,913 that reached Britain, 3,852 were destroyed by the air defenses, including 1,651 by antiaircraft guns; only 2,515 hit their target areas. The others missed their targets and landed in the countryside. The very last (air-launched) V-1 struck the village of Datchworth, Hertfordshire, on March 29, 1945.

  77    
“20,000 tons of bombs”:
Adam Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy
(London: Allen Lane, 2006).

  77    
“pulverized from the air”:
Mazower,
Hitler’s Empire
.

  78    
“hanged like cattle”:
Toby Thacker,
The End of the Third Reich
(Stroud, UK: Tempus, 2008).

  79    
maskirovka:
The Red Army were past masters in their ability to hide whole military formations from enemy observation by a host of means that collectively was known as
maskirovka
. For Operation Bagration the deception was so effective that the Germans believed the main Soviet summer offensive in 1944 would be in the Ukraine when in fact it was in a completely different country, Byelorussia. Similarly, the Western Allies created false armies prior to D-Day to deceive the Germans as to where the actual amphibious landings would happen through Operation Fortitude. The phantom “First U.S. Army Group” commanded by Gen. George S. Patton was “formed” in southeast England—in much the same manner as
maskirovka
—with such success that the Germans believed the main Allied offensive was to be in the Pas de Calais region of France even after the D-Day landings in Normandy. It is interesting to note that the German army military intelligence unit on the Eastern Front (Fremde Heere Ost or FHO), which was comprehensively deceived by
maskirovka
prior to Operation Bagration, was commanded by one Col. Reinhard Gehlen. After the war he sold his “expertise” on the Red Army to the CIA, which funded the creation of the “Gehlen Organization” that was staffed by many former SS personnel. Riddled with Soviet agents throughout its existence, the Gehlen Organization was just as ineffective in its provision of military intelligence to the Western Allies as the FHO had been to the German army in 1944.

  79    
“Operation Bagration”:
Jonathan W. Jordan, “Operation Bagration: Soviet Offensive of 1944,”
World War II
magazine (July–August 2006).

  79    
“most calamitous defeat”:
Steven J. Zaloga,
Bagration 1944: The Destruction of Army Group Center
(Oxford: Osprey, 1996).

  80    
“Team 4 from 30 AU”:
Dalzel-Job,
Arctic Snow
.

  80    
S.Sgt. Bramah:
For an account of S.Sgt. Bramah’s extraordinary exploits in Normandy, see
http://www.nasenoviny.com/GPREN.html
.

  80    
“Woolforce”:
The National Archives, Kew, London; File ADM 1/15798, Operation Woolforce: activities of No.30 Assault Unit in Paris 1944.

  80    
“I had blown over 80 safes”:
Nutting and Glanville,
Attain by Surprise
.

  81    
30 AU:
The National Archives, Kew, London; File ADM 223/214.