Henry VIII's Last Victim (64 page)

43
Poems
, 33. See too Jones’ comments, pp. 127–8.

44
See Brigden, ‘Conjured League’, pp. 517–19 (quotation on p. 519). For the first reading, see Nott, pp. liii
f
., 365–6; Mason,
Humanism and Poetry
, pp. 243–5. For variations on the second, Bapst, p. 272; Brenan and Statham,
The House of Howard
II, pp. 377–9; Padelford,
Poems
, p. 24; Casady,
Henry Howard
, pp. 100–1; Chapman,
Two Tudor Portraits
, p. 81;
AH
II, pp. 90–1. For the third, Foley, ‘Honorable Style’, pp. 176, 189–200. For
further reading, see Heale, pp. 142–6; Sessions (1999), pp. 234–8; Burrow,
LRB
, p. 13.

45
LP
XIII ii, 125.

46
For Gresham, see Bindoff and
DNB
. Also: ‘Two Poems on the Death of Sir Richard Gresham’, ed. A. G. Rigg,
The Guildhall Miscellany
, 2/9 (1967), pp. 389–91; Brigden,
London and the Reformation
, pp. 239, 293–4; Wriothesley I, p. 67;
LP
XIV ii, 782; Longleat MSS Seymour Papers XVI, fos. 5, 87v; XVII, fos. 2, 6v.

For Birch, see PRO PROB 11/34, fo. 107;
LP
VII ii, 1672 (2); XII ii, 1136, 1151, 1191; XVII ii, 1154 (92); XVIII i, 226 (60); Longleat MSS Seymour Papers XIV, fo. 63.

47
Brigden, ‘Conjured League’, p. 517.

48
PRO SP 1/176, fo. 156;
APC
I, p. 104.

49
PRO SP 1/176, fo. 156;
APC
I, p. 106. The wife of Andrew Castle, the Arundels’ butcher, had been indicted in 1540 for her reforming activities (Brigden,
London and the Reformation
, pp. 343–4, 412, 444).

50
Brigden,
London and the Reformation
, pp. 113, 402;
APC
I, pp. 126, 128.

51
Brigden,
London and the Reformation
, pp. 349, 399–400, 402, 424.

52
H. Brinklow,
The Lamentacyon of a Christen Agaynst the Cytye of London
, ed. J. M. Cowper, EETS, extra series, 22 (1874), p. 92; D. Keene and V. Harding,
Historical Gazetteer of London Before the Great Fire
, vol. 1:
Cheapside
(Cambridge, 1987), app. 1, p. 537.

53
CSP Sp.
VI ii, 127.

54
Wyatt,
Poems
, no. CLII, lines 461–2, 498–9, 504–5;
Poems
, 31.

55
Wyatt,
Poems
, no. CCLXVII. Also see Heale, p. 177, and note 59 on p. 189.

56
Poems
, 29.

57
Ibid., 30. See too, Brigden, ‘Conjured League’, p. 514.

58
Poems
, 28.

59
Printed by K. Muir,
Life and Letters of Sir Thomas Wyatt
(Liverpool, 1963), app. A, pp. 262, 265.

60
Poems
, 31.

61
PRO SP 1/227, fo. 129; Jentoft, ‘Orations’, pp. 257–62. Brigden (‘Conjured League’, p. 519) suggests that Poyntz ‘was probably avant garde in religion as in his taste’.

62
LP
XX i, 622 (vii). The exact date of Surrey’s release is unknown, but Stafford, Hussey and Sir John Clere were free by 1 May and Wyatt and Pickering were released from the Tower two days later (
APC
I, pp. 125–6). It is unlikely that Surrey’s confinement would have lasted longer than theirs.

12 Noble Heart

1
LP
XVIII i, 603;
CSP Sp
. VI ii, 163.

2
St. P
. VIII, p. 166.

3
The Anglica Historia of Polydore Vergil
, p. 197.

4
T. Churchyard,
A generall rehearsall of warres
(1579), sig. A.i.

5
Starkey,
Rivals in Power
, p. 60.

6
CSP Sp
. VI ii, 235.

7
St. P
. IX, p. 459.

8
Hale, ‘Armies, Navies, and the Art of War’, p. 554;
The Inventory of King Henry VIII
, p. x.

9
St. P
. IX, pp. 528, 551–2.

10
PRO SP 1/182, fos. 41–2.

11
CSP Sp
. VI ii, 250.

12
Charles V to Henry VIII, 21 October 1543. The original French is cited by Bapst, p. 282.

13
CSP Sp
. VI ii, 254.

14
Nott, app. X.

15
Holinshed III, p. 833.

16
Ibid.;
LP
XVIII ii, 346;
St. P
. IX, pp. 538–42, 544–5.

17
St. P
. IX, pp. 556–7;
CSP Sp
. VI ii, 260.

18
Anstis,
Register
II, pp. 427–8.

19
Charles V to Henry VIII, 18 November 1543. The original French is cited by Bapst, p. 287. I have used Sessions’ translation (Sessions, 1999, p. 295).

20
Holinshed III, p. 834.

21
House of Lords Record Office PO/PB/1/1543/38H8 n22 (copy at Arundel Castle in bundle G1/5);
LP
XIX i, 25.

22
NRO MS NRS DCN 47/1, fos. 18–20v.

23
‘Narrative of the Visit of the Duke de Najera to England, in the year 1543–4; written by his Secretary, Pedro de Gante’, ed. F. Madden,
Archaeologia
, 23 (1831).

24
CSP Sp
. VII, 111.

25
Davies, ‘The English People and War’, p. 2.

26
PRO PROB 11/30, fos. 192v, 343.

27
Poems
, 24.

28
Baron, ‘Mary Fitzroy’s Transcript’. See too ibid., ‘Mary (Howard) Fitzroy’s Hand’;
AH
II, pp. 286–9; Heale, pp. 61–2; Sessions (1999), pp. 213–14. The anguished final line was partially inscribed by Lady Margaret Douglas.

29
B. Rich,
A Path-Way To Military Practise, 1587
(Amsterdam and New York, 1969), sigs., E.2v–3.

30
The vanguard comprised 372 horse and 9,606 foot; the rearguard, 547 horse and 9,017 foot (
LP
XIX i, 274, 276).

31
PRO
SP 1/189, fo. 52. See too 1/188, fos. 89–90v.

32
St. P
. IX, pp. 727–8.

33
PRO SP 1/189, fos. 207–8v.

34
Ibid., fo. 235.

35
PRO SP 1/190, fo. 24.

36
Ibid., fos. 27–8.

37
PRO SP 1/191, fo. 8.

38
Gruffydd I, p. 59.

39
PRO SP 1/191, fos. 8v–9.

40
St. P
. X, p. 70.

41
PRO SP 1/189, fo. 207v. But see too
CSP Sp
. VII,
passim
.

42
For example, see PRO SP 1/191, fos. 30–1.

43
Nott, app. XVI. But see too Holinshed (III, p. 843), who claims that Surrey, finding only women and children at Rue, spared the town from fire.

44
Gruffydd I, p. 59.

45
CSP Sp
. VII, 193.

46
Smith,
Henry VIII
, p. 239; Gruffydd I, p. 69. See too Norfolk’s postscript to his letter of 2 August (PRO SP 1/191, fo. 9).

47
Gruffydd I, p. 72.

48
Rymer,
Foedera
, p. 56.

49
St. P
. X, p. 70.

50
CSP Sp.
VII, 215, 218; Gruffydd I, pp. 82–7; Holinshed III, p. 844.

51
Gruffydd I, pp. 59, 87.

52
Ibid., p. 94.

53
Poems
, 35.

54
See Zitner, ‘Truth and Mourning in a Sonnet by Surrey’.

55
PRO SP 14/19, fo. 107; Sessions (1999), p. 304.

13 In Every Man’s Eye

1
By the mid-sixteenth century the ‘quasi-feudal’ system of recruitment had begun to be replaced by a ‘national’ system based on shire levies. See J. Goring, ‘Social Change and Military Decline in Mid-Tudor England’,
History
, 60/199 (1975).

2
LP
XIX i, 274. See too Norfolk’s ‘instructions for the setting out of the men which shall go in the vanguard’ (College of Arms MS M 16
bis
, fo. 97v).

3
Goring, op. cit., p. 191.

4
LP
XX i, 558 (Receipts Anno 36 Hen. VIII and see Anno 28 Hen. VIII too); PRO LR 2/115, fo. 51.

5
Poems
, 44, lines 11–12; Fox,
Politics and Literature
, p. 292.

6
PRO LR 2/115, fo. 75; see fos. 73–6 for the rest of the inventory. Also Sessions (1999), pp. 143–9, 168–72.

7
S. Thurley,
‘Palaces for a Nouveau Riche King’,
History Today
, 41 (1991), p. 14.

8
Herbert, p. 564.

9
I owe this interpretation to the scholarship of Peter R. Moore (‘Heraldic Charge’, pp. 565, 575).

10
Anstis,
Register
II, p. 432.

11
LP
XX i, 623 (viii); Holinshed III, pp. 846–7.

12
A Collection of State Papers . . . left by William Cecil, Lord Burghley
, ed. S. Haynes (1740), p. 52.

13
See A. McKee, ‘Henry VIII as Military Commander’,
History Today
, 41 (1991); Smith,
Henry VIII
, pp. 247–8.

14
A Collection of State Papers
, ed. Haynes, op. cit., pp. 52–4.

15
The Letters of Stephen Gardiner
, ed. J. A. Muller (Cambridge, 1933), pp. 183–4.

16
St. P
. X, p. 569;
LP
XX ii, 200.

17
APC
I, pp. 223, 229–31; Nott, app. XXIV, XXVI.

18
St. P
. X, p. 569; Nott, app. XXVI.

19
APC
I, pp. 235–6, 238; Nott, app. XXV, XXVI.

20
Hamilton Papers
I, no. 232.

21
APC
I, p. 238; Rymer,
Foedera
, p. 80.

22
APC
I, p. 249.

23
PRO SP 1/215, fo. 35v; Nott, letters XX, XXVI;
LP
XXI i, 481. For Rogers’ prickly character and the English works at Boulogne, see Shelby,
John Rogers
.

24
LP
XX i, 1210, 1264. For the best survey of the French defences, see Shelby. Fort Chatillon, which is sometimes thought to have been under construction during Surrey’s Lieutenancy, was not in fact begun until July 1546. Two months later it was destroyed by the English and it was only in May 1548 that work on the fort recommenced.

25
Nott, app. XXV.

26
Nott, letters XI, XII. Surrey was not the only one to use the language of the joust in his military reportage. In his account of the taking of Bray-sur-Somme in 1523, the chronicler Edward Hall wrote that, ‘Sir Robert Jerningham brake a spear on the Lord Pountdormy; the Lord Leonard Grey did valiantly that day’, and in a letter to Henry VIII of May 1546, Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford, praised a number of men who ‘brake their staves and did very honestly’ (Hall, p. 668;
LP
XXI i, 908).

27
Oxburgh Hall Bedingfeld MS: Paget to Surrey, 25 Sept. 1545.

28
PRO SP 1/210, fo. 31.

29
CSP Sp
. VIII, 126; Nott, letters XXVI.

30
Gruffydd II, pp. 23, 25.

31
Gruffydd III, p. 343.

32
St. P
.
XI, p. 118.

33
LP
XX ii, 671; PRO SP 1/212, fos. 49v–50.

34
Nott, letters XIX.

35
Ibid. XI.

36
Ibid. IV, V;
APC
I, p. 337.

37
Nott, letters XXVI, XXII.

38
LP
XX ii, 780.

39
CSP Sp
. VIII, 70.

40
R. Hoyle, ‘War and Public Finance’, in
The Reign of Henry VIII
, ed. MacCulloch, p. 92.

41
St. P
. I, pp. 839–40.

42
CSP Sp
. VIII, 140.

43
Nott, letters VIII.

44
LP
XX ii, 266 (36).

45
PRO SP 1/209, fos. 128–9.

46
PRO SP 1/210, fos. 30–2.

47
Poems
, 10.

48
PRO SP 1/227, fo. 109.

49
Sessions, ‘Surrey and Catherine Parr’, pp. 128–30; Sessions (1999), pp. 341–2; R. Strong, ‘Some Early Portraits at Arundel Castle: Lord Lumley, the Earl of Arundel and Inigo Jones’,
The Connoisseur
, 197/793 (1978), pp. 198–200; BL Royal MS 18 C XXIV, fo. 69v. There is some debate over the provenance of the Arundel portrait. For the suggestion that it may be the original painting by Scrots and an unknown collaborator, see C. MacLeod, ‘Guillim Scrots in England’ (Courtauld Institute, University of London MA, 1990),
chapter 3
, and
Dynasties: Painting in Tudor and Jacobean England 1530–1630
, ed. K. Hearn (1995), pp. 50–2. I am inclined to agree with Strong that the Arundel portrait is a Jacobean copy.

50
See Sessions (1999), p. 348.

51
Oxburgh Hall Bedingfeld MS: Paget to Surrey, 25 Sept. 1545.

14 Loss of Reputation

1
Howard,
defensative
, sig. H.h.iiiv.

2
St. P
. XI, pp. 16–17.

3
Nott, letters XIV.

4
The following narrative is mainly drawn from the letter sent by Surrey and his council to the King on 8 January (PRO SP 1/213, fos. 47–50v), and the chronicle of Elis Gruffydd (Gruffydd III, pp. 343–6). See too the
Mémoire
of Martin du Bellay (cited by Nott, p. 202), which differs in many particulars from all other accounts.