Herbal Antibiotics: Natural Alternatives for Treating Drug-Resistant Bacteria (87 page)

Jang, D. S., et al. Compounds obtained from
Sida acuta
with the potential to induce quinone reductase and to inhibit 7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene-induced preneoplastic lesions in a mouse mammary organ culture model.
Arch Pharm Res
26, no. 8 (2003): 585–90.

Karou, D., et al. Antibacterial activity of alkaloids from
Sida acuta
.
Afr J Biotechnol
5, no. 2 (2006): 195–200.

Karou, D., et al. Antimalarial activity of
Sida acuta
Burm. f. (Malvaceae) and
Pterocarpus erinaceus
Poir. (Fabaceae).
J Ethnopharm
89 (2003): 291–94.

Karou, S. D., et al.
Sida acuta
Burm. f.: a medicinal plant with numerous potencies.
Afr J Biotechnol
6, no. 25 (2007): 2953–59.

Khan, M. H., et al. Herbal remedies of asthma in Thoubal District of Manipur in north east India.
Indian J Nat Prod Res
1, no. 1 (2010): 80–84.

Khatoon, S., et al. HPTLC method for chemical standardization of
Sida
species and estimation of the alkaloid ephedrine.
J Planar Chromato
18 (2005): 364–67.

Kiessoun, K., et al. Polyphenol contents, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of six Malvaceae species traditionally used to treat hepatitis B in Burkina Faso.
Eur J Sci Res
44, no. 4 (2010): 570–580, 2010.

Leonard, D. B.
Medicine at your feet: healing plants of the Hawaiian kingdom.
Sida rhombifolia
(huang hua mu).
2008.
http://medicineatyourfeet.com/Sida_rhombifolia.pdf
.

Londonkar, R. L., et al. Phytochemical and contraceptive property of
Sida acuta
Burm. f. Ind. in albino rats.
Int J PharmTech Res
1, no. 4 (2009): 1260–66.

Malairajan, P., et al. Analgesic activity of some Indian medicinal plants
J Ethnopharmacol
106, no. 3 (2006): 425–28.

Malairajan, P., et al. Antiulcer activity of
Sida acuta
Burm.
Nat Prod Sci
12, no. 3 (2006): 150–52.

Matsut, T. A., et al. The plant alkaloid cryptolepine induces p21 and cell cycle arrest in a human osteosarcoma cell line.
Int J Oncol
31 (2007): 915–22.

Mishra, M. P. Traditional-ethnoherbological and medicinal properties of
Sida
plant. On the website Ecosensorium.org, November 4, 2009.
http://ecosensorium.org/2009/11/traditional-ethnoherbological-and.html
.

Mott, J. J., et al. Germination and establishment of the weeds
Sida acuta
and
Pennisetum pedicellatum
in the Northern Territory.
Australian J Exper Agr Animal Husb
20, no. 105 (1980): 463–69.

Nguyen-Pouplin, J., et al. Antimalarial and cytotoxic activities of ethnopharmacologically selected medicinal plants from south Vietnam.
J Ethnopharm
109 (2007): 417–27.

Oboh, I. E., et al. Antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extract of the aerial parts of
Sida acuta
Burm. f. (Malvaceae).
Trop J Pharm Res
6, no. 4 (2007): 809–13.

Ogie-Odia, E. A., et al. Assessment of some therapeutic plants of the Abbi People in Ndokwa West L.G.A. of Delta State, Nigeria.
Ethnobotanical Leaflets
13 (2009): 989–1002.

Orech, F. O., et al. Potential toxicity of some traditional leafy vegetables consumed in Nyang'Oma Division, western Kenya.
Afr J Food Nutr Sci
5, no. 1 (2005): 1–13.

Otero, R., et al. Snakebites and ethnobotany in the northwest region of Colombia. Part II. Neutralization of lethal and enzymatic effects of
Bothrops atrox
venom.
J Ethnopharmacol
71, no. 3 (2000): 505–11.

Otero, R., et al. Snakebites and ethnobotany in the northwest region of Colombia. Part III. Neutralization of the haemorrhagic effect of
Bothrops atrox
venom.
J Ethnopharmacol
73, no. 1–2 (2000): 233–41.

Oudhia, P. Khareti or bala (
Sida cordifolia
Linn.). Fact sheet on the website of the NewCROP program at Purdue University, 2004.
http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/CropFactSheets/bala.html
(accessed January 9, 2011).

———. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs in Chattisgarh, India: interactions with the rice farmers of Tilda region. Research article on the website Botanical.com.
http://botanical.com/site/column_poudhia/articles/_1130.html
(accessed 11/20/2010).

———. Traditional medicinal uses of gangeran (
Sida spinosa
) in Chhattisgarh, India. Research article on the website Botanical.com.
http://botanical.com/site/column_poudhia/articles/_1645.html
(accessed November 20, 2010).

Prakash, A., et al. Alkaloid constituents of
Sida acuta
,
S. humilis
,
S. rhombifolia
and
S. spinosa
.
Planta Med
43, no. 12 (1981): 384–88.

Rajakaruna, N., et al. Antimicrobial activity of plants collected from serpentine outcrops in Sri Lanka.
Pharm Biol
40, no. 3 (2002): 235–44.

Rao, R. E., et al. Studies on fixed oil of seeds of
Sida acuta
Burm.
J Am Oil Chem Soc
50, no. 5 (1973): 168–69.

Saganuwan, A. S., et al. Evaluation of
Sida acuta
subspecie
acuta
leaf/flower combination for antimicrobial activity and phytochemical constituents.
Afr J Clin Exper Microbiol
7, no. 2 (2006): 83–88.

Sreedevi, C. D., et al. Hepatoprotective studies on
Sida acuta
Burm. f.
J Ethnopharmacol
124, no. 2 (2009): 171–75.

Sutradhar, R. K., et al. Bioactive alkaloid from
Sida cordifolia
Linn. with analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities.
Iran J Pharm Ther
5, no. 2 (2006): 175–78.

Williams, R., et al.
A native growing season forage for wildlife—teaweed,
Sida acuta
Burm. f.
Publication FOR 114, one of a series of the School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. First published December 2006; revised March 2011.
http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/FR/FR16800.pdf
.

Chifiriuc, M. C., et al. In vitro study of the inhibitory activity of usnic acid on dental plaque biofilm.
Roum Arch Microbiol Immunol
68, no. 4 (2009): 215–22.

Cocchietto, M., et al. A review of usnic acid, an interesting natural compound.
Naturwissenschaften
89, no. 4 (2002): 137–46.

Doell, Janet. The saga of
Usnea longissima
in California.
Bull Cal Lichen Soc
11, no. 2 (2004): 37–44.

Elo, H., et al. Potent activity of the lichen antibiotic (+)-usnic acid against clinical isolates of vancomycin-resistant enterococci and methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
.
Naturwissenschaften
94, no. 6 (2007): 465–68.

Esme, H., et al. Investigation of the germicidal effect of usnic acid, betadine, savlosol, and desderman on the protoscolexes of lung hydatid cysts.
Tukiye Parazitol Derg
31, no. 2 (2007): 101–4.

Fazio, A. T., et al. Lichen secondary metabolites from the cultured lichen mycobionts of
Teloschistes chryophthamus
and
Ramalina celastri
and their antiviral activities.
Z Naturforsch C
62, no. 7–8 (2007): 543–49.

Hariharan, G. N., et al. Checklist of lichens and lichenicolous fungi of Tamil Nadu (India). On the website of the Environmental Information System Centre, September 1, 2007.
http://tnenvis.nic.in/Lichens/tamil-nadu.htm
.

Ingólfsdóttir, K. Usnic acid.
Phytochemistry
61, no. 7 (2002): 729–36.

Kim, M. S., et al. Melanogenesis inhibitory effects of methanolic extracts of
Umbilicaria esculenta
and
Usnea longissima
.
J Microbiol
45, no. 6 (2007): 578–82.

Kreander, K., et al. A rapid screening method for detecting active compounds against erythromycin-resistant bacterial strains of Finnish origin.
Folia Micobiol
50, no. 6 (2005): 487–93.

Lans, C., et al. Ethnoveterinary medicines used for ruminants in British Columbia, Canada.
J Ethnobiol Ethnomed
26, no. 3 (2007): 11.

Lauterwein, M., et al. In vitro activities of the lichen secondary metabolites vulpinic acid, (+)-usnic acid, and (-)-usnic acid against aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother
39, no. 11 (1995): 2541–43.

Lira, M. C., et al. In vitro uptake and antimycobacterial activity of liposomal usnic acid formulation.
J Liposome Res
19, no. 1 (2009): 49–58.

Molnár, K., et al. Current results on biological activities of lichen secondary metabolites: a review.
Z Naturforsch C
65, no. 3–4 (2010): 157–73.

Paranagama, P. A., et al. Heptaketides from
Corynespora
sp. inhibiting the cavern beard lichen,
Usnea cavernosa
: first report of metabolites of an endolichenic fungus.
J Nat Prod
70 (2007): 1700–1705.

Paudel, B., et al. Antibacterial activities of ramlin, usnic acid and its three derivatives isolated from the Antarctic lichen
Ramalina terebrata
.
Z Naturforsch C
65, no. 1–2 (2010)): 34–38.

Ramos, D. F., et al. Antimycobacterial activity of usnic acid against resistant and susceptible strains of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
and non-tuberculous mycobacteria.
Pharm Biol
48, no. 3 (2010): 260–63.

Rawat, M. S. M., et al. Chemical study on Garhwal Himalayan lichen:
Usnea emidotteries
.
Ind J Chem
45B (2006): 2566–70.

Rowe, J. G., et al. Antibacterial activity of some lichens from southern Spain.
Ann Pharm Fr
47, no. 2 (1989): 89–94.

Storaunet, K. O., et al. Effect of logging on the threatened epiphytic lichen
Usnea longissima
: a comparative and retrospective approach.
Silva Fennica
42, no. 5 (2008): 685.

Verma, N., et al. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of a lichen
Usnea ghattensis
in vitro.
Appl Biochem Biotechnol
152, no. 2–3 (2008): 167–81.

Vijayan, P., et al. Antiviral activity of medicinal plants of Nilgiris.
Indian J Med Res
120, no. 1 (2004): 24–29.

Wang, X. P., et al. Plasmid elimination effect of usnic acid on the antibiotic-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
.
Zhong Yao Cai
29, no. 1 (2006): 36–39.

Weckesser, S., et al. Screening of plant extracts for antimicrobial activity against bacteria and yeasts with dermatological relevance.
Phytomedicine
14, no. 7–8 (2007): 508–16.

Wei, L. L., et al. In vitro effect of (+)-usnic acid on
Toxoplasma gondii
tachyzoites.
Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi
26, no. 6 (2008): 438–41.

Yamamoto, Y., et al. Screening of tissue cultures and thalli of lichens and some of their active constituents for inhabitation of tumor promoter-induced Epstein-Barr virus activation.
Chem Pharm Bull
(Tokyo) 43, no. 8 (1995): 1388–90.

A

Abies,
363

abscesses

nonsystemics,
172
,
190
,
192
,
204

synergists,
241

systemics,
113
,
115
,
136

Acacia greggii,
363

Achillea,
363

Acinetobacter baumannii

decription and treatment,
54
–56

MDRAB,
54

nonsystemics,
180
,
189

resistant forms,
17
,
41
–42

synergists,
231
,
235

Acorus calamus,
363

Actinomyces bovis,
180

A. viscosus,
298

actinomycetes,
17

Adiantum,
364

Aesculus hippocastanum,
364

African prune,
376

Agave,
364

Agrimonia
(agrimony),
364

Agropyron repens,
364

AIDS, vi,
27
,
34
,
50
,
208
,
298
.
See also
HIV

Ailanthus altissima,
364

Alcaligenes faecalis,
189

Alchemilla,
364

alchornea,
45
,
119
–27

A. castaneifolia,
120
–21

A. cordifolia,
119
,
121
,
123
–26

A. laxiflora,
119
,
121
,
125
–26

cultivation and collection,
121
,
123

plant chemistry,
123

preparation and dosage,
120

properties,
122

scientific research,
124
–27

side effects, interactions,
120

tincture formula,
364

traditional uses,
123
–24

alcohol extractions, making,
338
–43

alder,
364
,
376

alfalfa,
191
–92,
196
,
373

alkaloids,
85

nonsystemics,
159
–66,
170
–77

synergists,
214
,
226
,
236
,
239
,
253

systemics,
90
–92,
96
–98,
116
–19,
123