History Buff's Guide to the Presidents (69 page)

18
. Stockman quoted in Schaller,
Reckoning with Reagan
, 46.

19
. Gordon,
Hamilton’s Blessing
, 167; Abramson, Aldrich, and Rohde,
Change and Continuity in the 1984 Elections
, 196.

20
. Malkin,
The National Debt
, 37.

21
. LeLoup. Parties, Rules, and the Evolution of Congressional Budgeting, 182–85.

22
. Bush quoted in Alan K. Ota, “Deadlocked Tax Cut Proposals Expose Rift in GOP Ideology,” Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report (May 3, 2003): 1029–33; LeLoup, Parties, Rules, and the Evolution of Congressional Budgeting, 194–95.

23
. Official and academic estimates on costs of Second Gulf–Iraq War from Jamie Wilson, “Iraq War Could Cost over $2 Trillion, Says Nobel Prize–Winning Economist,”
Guardian
, January 7, 2006; Scott Wallsten, “The Economic Cost of the Iraq War,” Economists’ Voice, 3 (2006): 2, art. 1,
www.bepress.com/ev/v013/iss2/art1
. Estimated adjusted dollar comparison of aid to Britain based on $34.1 billion 1945 Lend-Lease dollars plus $4.34 billion 1945 dollars in postwar loans, times conservative inflation adjustment of six 2008 dollars for every 1945 dollar.

24
. Deficit and debt calculations from Office of Management and Budget, Historical Tables, Available at
www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/Historicals
.

25
. Schick,
The Federal Budget: Politics, Policy, Process
, 17.

26
. Kelly,
The National Debt: From FDR (1941) to Clinton (1996)
, 82–83, 135.

27
. Hamilton quoted in Gordon,
Hamilton’s Blessing
, 20.

28
. Ibid., 30–31.

29
. Federalist legislator quoted in Hickey,
The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict
, 111.

30
. Madison quoted in ibid., 120; Federalists quoted in ibid., 120.

31
. Ibid., 124.

32
. Rutland,
The Presidency of James Madison
, 196.

33
. Gordon,
Hamilton’s Blessing,
190; Greene,
The Presidency of George Bush
, 79–80.

34
. John Woolley and Gerhard Peters,
The American Presidency Project
, University of California, Santa Barbara,
www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=17744
.

35
. Ryan D. Edwards, “A Review of War Costs in Iraq and Afghanistan,” NBER Working Paper Series (Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2010), Working Paper 16163; Office of Management and Budget, Historical Tables, available at
www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/Historicals
.

36
. Social Security Administration, “Life Expectancy for Social Security,” available at
www.ssa.gov/history/lifeexpect.html
. U.S. Census Bureau, “The 2012 Statistical Abstract,” Table 104, Life Expectancy, available at
www.census.gov/compendia/statab/cats/births_deaths_marriages_divorces/life_expectancy.html
. Office of Management and Budget, Historical Tables, available at
www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/Historicals
.

37
. Wilson quoted in Watson,
Presidential Vetoes and Public Policy
, xi; Truman quoted in Truman,
Where the Buck Stops: The Personal and Private Writings of Harry S. Truman
, 102.

38
. Franklin quoted in Truman,
Where the Buck Stops: The Personal and Private Writings of Harry S. Truman
, 102.

39
. Madison quoted in Watson,
z
, 10. Phelps,
George Washington and American Constitutionalism
, 150–51; Watson,
Presidential Vetoes and Public Policy
, 16.

40
. For a list of specific vetoes rendered up to 1988, see U.S. Senate Library,
Presidential Vetoes, 1789–1988
. For statistics on vetoes (by issue, overrides, challenges, etc.) to 1984, see King and Ragsdale,
The Elusive Executive: Discovering Statistical Patterns in the Presidency
, 88–102; Kane, Podell, and Anzovin,
Facts About the Presidents
, 669.

41
. FDR quoted in Spitzer,
The Presidential Veto: Touchstone of the American Presidency
, 66.

42
. On the Will Rogers Memorial, see Rosenman,
The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt
, 6:337. On renaming the Chemical Warfare Service, see Rosenman, 6:320–21. For information on the CWS during FDR’s tenure, see Kleber and Birdsell,
The Chemical Warfare Service: Chemicals in Combat.

43
. Rosenman,
The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt
, 13:80–81.

44
. December 7 veto quoted in Rosenman,
The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt
, 12: 528–29.

45
. Jong R. Lee, “Presidential Vetoes from Washington to Nixon,”
Journal of Politics
37 (May 1975): 528.

46
. Jackson,
Presidential Vetoes, 1792–1945
, 149. See also “Pensions: The Law and Its Administration,”
Harper’s Monthly,
January 1893.

47
. Henig and Niderost,
A Nation Transformed: How the Civil War Changed America Forever
, 388; Spitzer,
The Presidential Veto: Touchstone of the American Presidency
, 61. Cleveland quoted in Congressional Quarterly,
Presidential Elections, 1789–2000
, 43.

48
. On Cleveland’s loss of the 1888 election connecting to his frequent vetoes of pensions, see Fischer,
President and Congress: Power and Policy
, 97; Spitzer,
The Presidential Veto: Touchstone of the American Presidency
, 60–67.

49
. Megan J. McClintock, “Grover Cleveland: Civil War Pensions and the Reconstruction of Union Families,”
Journal of American History
(September 1996): 456–80.

50
. Vandenberg quoted in Truman,
Harry S. Truman
, 217.

51
. McCullough,
Truman
, 358–59.

52
. Truman quoted in Dallek,
Hail to the Chief: The Making and Unmaking of American Presidents
, xvii.

53
. Truman,
Where the Buck Stops
, 70.

54
. David Cole, “Enemy Aliens,”
Stanford Law Review
(2002): 953.

55
. Estimate of farmhouse cost in 1870s from Varhola,
Everyday Life During the Civil War
, 77. Salt works bill from 1873, S161. East Tennessee University claim from 1873, S490. Paducah bill from Jackson,
Presidential Vetoes,
132–37; Grant quoted in Jackson,
Presidential Vetoes,
134.

56
. Jackson,
Presidential Vetoes,
137.

57
. Morison,
The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt
, 4:1264.

58
. Jackson,
Presidential Vetoes,
165.

59
. Nathaniel Nash, “Campaign to Kill SBA Is Scrapped,”
New York Times
, August 28, 1986; Ellie McGrath, “Survivor of the Budget Cuts,”
Time
, August 31, 1981; Spitzer,
The Presidential Veto: Touchstone of the American Presidency
, 89–90.

60
. “Senate Overrides Veto of Medical Research,”
New York Times
, November 21, 1985; Senate Library,
Presidential Vetoes, 1789–1988
, 492–509.

61
. HR4042 “To continue in effect the current certification requirements with respect to El Salvador”; Senate Library,
Presidential Vetoes, 1789–1988
, 496–97. On the Apartheid sanction veto, see
New York Times
, September 13, 1986;
New York Times
, October 3, 1986; Spitzer,
The Presidential Veto: Touchstone of the American Presidency
, 96–100.

62
. Ford quoted in Spitzer,
The Presidential Veto: Touchstone of the American Presidency
, 155, n2.

63
. Ford aide quoted in Light,
The President’s Agenda
, 111–12.

64
. Ford veto statements in John Woolley and Gerhard Peters,
The American Presidency Project
, University of California, Santa Barbara. For Vocational Rehabilitation Act, see
www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=4528
; for Vietnam Era Veterans’ Education and Training Benefits Legislation, see
www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=4591
; for National School Lunch Act, see
www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=5304
.

65
. Dan Lopez et al., eds., “Veto Battle 30 Years Ago Set Freedom of Information Norms,”
National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 142
(Washington, DC: George Washington University, 2004); see
http.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB142/index.htm
; Alan Cranston, “Veto Reveals Watergate Blind Spot,”
Congressional Record–Senate
, November 19, 1974, 36535.

66
. Bill for war widow pensions—1924, S5, Senate Library,
Presidential Vetoes, 1789–1988
, 227.

67
. Parmet,
George Bush: Life of a Lone Star Yankee
, 431–32; Greene,
The Presidency of George Bush
, 93–95. Benjamin Harrison, Woodrow Wilson, and George H. W. Bush all issued forty-four vetoes, but Bush is placed on this list because he had more regular vetoes than Harrison and more vetoes sustained than Wilson.

68
. Schwartz,
A History of the Supreme Court
, 33, 37–38.

69
. Jefferson quoted in Smith,
The Republic of Letters: The Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
, 2:888; Marshall quoted in Scigliano,
The Supreme Court and the Presidency
, 25.

70
. Smith,
John Marshall: Definer of a Nation
, 300–302.

71
. Jefferson quoted in Scigliano,
The Supreme Court and the Presidency
, 29.

72
. Ibid., 30.

73
. Jefferson quoted in Melton,
Aaron Burr: Conspiracy to Treason
, 194.

74
. Jefferson quoted in Scigliano,
The Supreme Court and the Presidency
, 30.

75
. Edwin Miles, “After John Marshall’s Decision:
Worcester v. Georgia
and the Nullification Crisis,”
Journal of Southern History
(1973): 524; Marshall quoted in Beveridge,
The Life of John Marshall
, 4:550.

76
. Cherokee quoted in Miles, “After John Marshall’s Decision:
Worcester v. Georgia
and the Nullification Crisis,” 529; Lumpkin quoted in Beveridge,
The Life of John Marshall
, 4:551.

77
. Jackson quoted in Horace Greeley,
The American Conflict
, 106. Jackson biographer Robert Remini suggests Jackson did not say it, noting that the supposed witness to Jackson’s alleged statement had reason to defame the president; see Remini,
Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Freedom
, 276–77.

78
. Marshall quoted in Newmyer,
John Marshall and the Heroic Age of the Supreme Court
, 386.

79
. McPherson,
Battle Cry of Freedom
, 285.

80
. Abraham Lincoln, “To Winfield Scott [authorizing suspension of the Writ, April 27. 1861],” in Basler,
The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln
, 4:347.

81
. Lincoln quoted in Schwartz,
A History of the Supreme Court,
129.

82
. David L. Martin, “When Lincoln Suspended Habeas Corpus,”
American Bar Association Journal
(January 1974): 99.

83
. Sydney G. Fisher, “The Suspension of the Writ of Habeas Corpus During the War of the Rebellion,”
Political Science Quarterly
(September 1888): 456–57; Monroe Johnson, “Taney and Lincoln,”
American Bar Association Journal
(August 1930): 501.

84
. Taney quoted in Johnson, “Taney and Lincoln,” 501.

85
. Bates quoted in Randall,
Constitutional Problems Under Lincoln
, 132;
New York Tribune
, May 30, 1861;
New York Times
quoted in Johnson, “Taney and Lincoln,” 502.

86
. Schwartz,
A History of the Supreme Court
, 232.

87
. Roosevelt quoted in
New York Times
, March 10, 1937.

88
. Ibid.

89
. Abraham,
Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court
, 208; Sumners quoted in Baker,
Back to Back: The Duel Between FDR and the Supreme Court
, 8; Hoover quoted in ibid., 28. See also Rosenman,
The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt
, 6:113.