Hitler and the Holocaust (37 page)

31.
Arad,
Documents
, 173–77. For Nazi ghettoization policy in Poland between 1939 and 1941, see Christopher R. Browning,
The Path to Genocide: Essays on Launching the Final Solution
(Cambridge, 1993), 28–56.

32.
For a comprehensive study, see Isaiah Trunk,
Judenrat
(New York, 1972), 259–450, and for his description of the ghetto police, 475–547; Philip Friedman,
Roads to Extinction
(New York, 1980), 539–53; Aharon Weiss, “Jewish Leadership in Occupied Poland: Postures and Attitudes,”
Yad Vashem Studies
12 (1977): 335–65, and “Judenrat,” in
Encyclopaedia of the Holocaust
, 1:762–67.

33.
Raul Hilberg,
The Destruction of the European Jews
(Chicago, 1967), 664–68. See also his
Perpetrators, Victims, Bystanders: The Jewish Catastrophe, 1933–1945
(London, 1995).

34.
Hilberg,
Perpetrators
, 16–17.

35.
Hannah Arendt,
Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil
(London, 1994 [1963]), 125. See also Richard I. Cohen, “Breaking the Code: Hannah Arendt’s
Eichmann in Jerusalem
and the Public Polemic,”
Michael
13 (1993), 29–85.

36.
Raul Hilberg et al., eds.
The Warsaw Ghetto Diary of Adam Czerniakow
(New York, 1979), 70.

37.
Rumkowski’s addresses “Work Protects Us from Annihilation”
(2 February 1942) and “Give Me Your Children,” in Berenbaum,
Witness
, 81–86. See also Primo Levi,
The Drowned and the Saved
(London, 1999), 44–51.

38.
Scroll of Agony: The Warsaw Diary of Chaim A. Kaplan
(New York, 1954), 129.

39.
Ibid., 130.

40.
Ibid., 244–45 (diary entry of 20 February 1941).

41.
Ibid., 202–3 (2 October 1940). In this same entry, Kaplan observed that never before in Jewish history “did we have so cruel and barbaric an enemy,” nor one so evil “that it would forbid an entire people to pray.”

42.
Dawidowicz,
War
, 312–18, See Shimon Huberbrand,
Kiddush Hashem: Jewish Religious and Cultural Life in Poland During the Holocaust
(New York, 1987), 175–221, for religious practice.

43.
Janusz Korczak,
Ghetto Diary
(New York, 1978), 79–189; Joanna Michlic-Coren, “Battling Against the Odds: Culture, Education and the Jewish Intelligentsia in the Warsaw Ghetto, 1940–1942,”
East European Jewish Affairs (EEJA
) 27 (1997):77–92.

44.
Dawidowicz,
War
, 417.

45.
E. Klee et al., eds.,
“Those Were the Days”: The Holocaust Through the Eyes of the Perpetrators and Bystanders
(London, 1991), 28; Dinah Porat, “The Holocaust in Lithuania: Some Unique Aspects,” in D. Cesarani, ed.,
The Final Solution
(London, 1994), 159–74.

46.
“ ‘They Shall Not Take Us Like Sheep to the Slaughter!’ Proclamation by the Jewish Pioneer Youth Group in Vilna,” in Arad,
Documents
, 433.

47.
Ibid. See also Avraham Tory,
Surviving the Holocaust: The Kovno Ghetto Diary
(Cambridge, Mass., 1990), notes by Dina Porat. The diary, written originally in Yiddish, provides a powerful picture of life in the Kovno ghetto, suspended between hope and despair. On the Jewish resistance in Vilna, see Y. Arad,
Vilna ha-yehudit be-ma’avak u ve-klyon
(Tel Aviv, 1976). On Jewish resistance in general, see Lucien Steinberg,
Jews Against Hitler
(London, 1978).

48.
See Ber Mark,
Uprising in the Warsaw Ghetto
(New York, 1975), 97–195, for the documents. See also Y. Gutman,
The Jews of Warsaw, 1939–1943: Ghetto, Underground, Revolt
(Bloomington, 1982).

49.
Arad,
Documents
, 315–16. For the objectives, appeals, and reports
of the Jewish underground, see ibid, 293–309. For SS General Stroop’s final report after crushing the revolt, see ibid., 312–13.

50.
See Reuben Ainzstein,
Jewish Resistance in Nazi Occupied Eastern Europe
(London, 1974), 279–462, for the Jewish partisans; see 463–550 on the fighting ghettos of Minsk, Vilna, and Bialystok; see 551–670 on the Warsaw ghetto uprising, and see 714–816 on the revolts in Treblinka, Sobibór, and Auschwitz-Birkenau. See also Steinberg,
Jews Against Hitler
, 167–292; S. Krakowski,
Lehima yehudit be-Polin neged ha-natzim
(Jerusalem, 1977)—a study of Jewish armed resistance in Poland; Dov Levin,
Fighting Back: Lithuanian Jewry’s Armed Resistance to the Nazis, 1941–1944
(New York, 1985), 167–228; N. Tec,
Defiance: The Bielski Partisans. The Story of the Largest Armed Resistance by Jews During World War II
(Oxford, 1993); Arno Lustiger, ed.,
Zum Kampf auf Leben und Tod: Das Buch vom Widerstand der Juden, 1933–1945
(Cologne, 1994).

51.
J. N. Porter, ed.,
The Jewish Partisans: A Documentary History of Jewish Resistance in the Soviet Union During World War II
(Lanham, Md., 1982); J. Kagan and D. Cohen,
Surviving the Holocaust with the Russian Jewish Partisans
(London, 1998), 162–224.

52.
Henri Michel, “Jewish Resistance and the European Resistance Movement,”
Yad Vashem Studies
7 (1968): 7–16; M. Novitch,
Le Passage des barbares: contribution à l’histoire de la déportation et de la resistance des Juifs grecs
(Nice, 1962); Annie Latour,
The Jewish Resistance in France
(New York, 1981); Gitta Amipaz-Silber,
La Résistance Juive en Algérie, 1940–1942
(Jerusalem, 1986), 62–150; Dan Michman, ed.,
Belgium and the Holocaust: Jews, Belgians, Germans
(Jerusalem, 1998), 3–40; Steinberg,
Jews Against Hitler
, 81–138.

53.
See René Cassin,
Les Hommes partis de rien
(Paris, 1974), 136; Henri Amouroux,
Les Passions et les haines, Avril–Décembre 1942
(Paris, 1981); A. Rayski,
De Gaulle et les Juifs (1940–1944
) (Paris, 1994).

54.
O. D. Kulka, “The Reichsvereinigung of the Jews in Germany (1938/9–1943),” in I. Gutman et al., eds.,
Patterns of Jewish Leadership in Nazi Europe, 1933–1945
(Yad Vashem, 1979), 45–58; Konrad Kwiet and Helmut Eschwege,
Selbstbehauptung und Widerstand: Deutsche Juden im Kampf um Existenz und Menschenwürde, 1933–1945
(Hamburg, 1984).

55.
See the essays by Herbert Freeden, Hajo Bennett, Joseph Walk,
and others in A. Paucker, ed.,
Die Juden im Nationalsozialistischen Deutschland, 1933–1943
(Tübingen, 1986). Also Arno Herzberg, “The Jewish Press under the Nazi Regime: Its Mission, Suppression, and Defiance,”
LBIYB
36 (1991): 367–88; A. Paucker, “Resistance of German and Austrian Jews to the Nazi Regime, 1933–1945,”
LBIYB
40 (1995): 13–14; and Paucker’s
Jewish Resistance in Germany: The Facts and the Problems
(Berlin, 1991), 5–6.

56.
Paucker,
Jewish Resistance
5–6. The Zionist youth movement in Germany also became strongly antifascist. See Chaim Schatzker, “The Jewish Youth Movement in Germany in the Holocaust Period,”
LBIYB
32 (1987): 157–82, and 33 (1988): 301–25; and Jehuda Reinharz, “Hashomer Hatsair in Germany,” part 2, “Under the Shadow of the Swastika, 1933–1938,”
LBIYB
32 (1987): 183–229.

57.
Paucker,
Jewish Resistance
, 9, 12.

58.
E. Silberner, “Die Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands zur Judenfrage,”
Jahrbuch des Instituts für Deutsche Geschichte
8 (1979): 283–334.

59.
Paucker,
Jewish Resistance
, 12

4. T
HE
“F
INAL
S
OLUTION
”

1.
Aly,
Final Solution
, and “The Planning Intelligentsia and the ‘Final Solution,’ ” in M. Burleigh, ed.,
Confronting the Nazi Past: New Debates on Modern German History
(London, 1996), 140–53. For a critique of Aly’s earlier functionalism, see Browning,
Path to Genocide
, 59–76.

2.
Richard Breitman,
The Architect of Genocide: Himmler and the Final Solution
(London, 1991), 112–120.

3.
Himmler’s reflections on the treatment of “alien races” can be found in Berenbaum,
Witness
, 74–76.

4.
See also Christopher R. Browning,
Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German Killers
(Cambridge, 2000), 13–14. Hitler read Himmler’s memorandum on 25 May 1940, confirming the guidelines, which he found “very good and correct.”

5.
Arad,
Documents
, 216–18; Browning,
Path to Genocide
, 18–20, 23–27, 127–28; Breitman,
Architect
, 121–31.

6.
Hilberg,
Destruction
, 260–61; Arad,
Documents
, 217, Breitman,
Architect
, 121, 124–25.

7.
Leni Yahil, “Madagascar—Phantom of a Solution for the Jewish Question,” in B. Vago and G. L. Mosse, eds.,
Jews and Non-Jews in Eastern Europe
(New York, 1974), 315–40; see also Magnus Brechtken,
“Madagaskar für die Juden”: Antisemitische Idee und Politische Praxis, 1885–1945
(Munich, 1997), 295, who argues that the Madagascar Plan was intended as a “death sentence” for European Jewry.

8.
Arad,
Documents
, 376.

9.
Ibid., 416–17.

10.
Ibid., 416.

11.
Ibid., 398–400.

12.
Dawidowicz,
War
, 163–64. See also Jürgen Förster,
Das Unternehmen “Barbarossa” als Eroberungens-und Vernichtungskrieg
(Stuttgart, 1987); Hannes Heer, “Killing Fields: Die Wehrmacht und der Holocaust,” in H. Heer and K. Naumann, eds.,
Vernichtungskrieg: Verbrechen der Wehrmacht, 1941 bis 1944
(Hamburg, 1995), 57–77, and “Die Logik des Vernichtungskrieges: Wehrmacht und Parisanen Kampf,” 104–156, and his
Tote Zonen: Die deutsche Wehrmacht an der Ostfront
(Hamburg, 1999) and
The German Army and Genocide
, ed. Hamburg Institute for Social Research (New York, 1999).

13.
Omer Bartov,
The Eastern Front, 1941–1945: German Troops and the Barbarization of Warfare
(London, 1985), 106–56, and
Hitler’s Army: Soldiers, Nazis, and War in the Third Reich
(New York, 1991), 106–86. On Manstein, see Robert Wistrich,
Who’s Who in Nazi Germany
(London, 1995), 166–67.

14.
Omer Bartov, “Savage War,”in Burleigh,
Confronting the Nazi Past
, 125–39.

15.
Andreas Hillgruber, “Die ‘Endlösung’ und das deutsche Ostimperium als Kernstück des rassenideologischen Programms des Nationalsozialismus,”
VJfZ 20
(1972): 133–53; Eberhard Jäckel,
Hitler’s World View: A Blueprint for Power
(Harvard, 1981); Wistrich,
Hitler’s Apocalypse
, 67–68, 114–15.

16.
F. Halder,
Kriegstagbuch, 1939–1942
(Stuttgart, 1962–1964), 2: 336–37; Dawidowicz,
War
, 161.

17.
Dawidowicz,
War
, 157.

18.
Hilberg,
Destruction, 262.

19.
Arad,
Documents
, 376–78; see also Jürgen Förster, “The Wehrmacht and the War of Extermination against the Soviet Union,”
Yad Vashem Studies
14 (1981): 7–34; for the execution of these orders and treatment of Soviet POWs, see Christian Streit,
Keine Kameraden, die Wehrmacht, und die sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen, 1941–1945
(Stuttgart, 1978), 88–89, 253ff.

20.
Eichmann Interrogated:Transcripts from the Archives of the Israeli Police
, ed. Jochen von Lang and Claus Sibyll (New York, 1983), 75.

21.
Wistrich,
Hitler’s Apocalypse
, 188.

22.
Philippe Burrin,
Hitler et les Juifs
(Paris, 1989), 138.

23.
Ibid., 139–40.

24.
Krausnick, “Persecution of the Jews,” 85.

25.
Ibid., 111.

26.
See Breitman,
Architect
, 90, 139–41, 152–3, 199; Browning,
Nazi Policy
, 45–46.

27.
Christopher R. Browning,
Fateful Months: Essays on the Emergence of the Final Solution
(New York, 1985), 30–31.

28.
Michael Tregenza, “Belzec Death Camp,”
The Wiener Library Bulletin
, new series (1977): 30: 41–42, 8–24; Yitzhak Arad,
Belzec, Sobibór, Treblinka. The Operation Reinhard Death Camps
(Bloomington, 1999), 23–29, 68–74.