Hitler's Bandit Hunters (69 page)

73
. Michael Mann,
The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining ethnic cleansing
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 308–11.

74
. PRO, WO208-4300, Report on the interrogations of PW LD 1136 SS Gruppenführer Jakob Sporrenberg.

75
. NARA, RG 319 IRR Case Files: U.S. Army Intelligence papers, list number 544, Kurt Daluege, source document, “Nazis in the News” May 25, 1942.

76
. BA R19/414,
Rheinische Landeszeitung
cuttings from the May 14–15, 1937, Kolonialtagung in Düsseldorf.

77
. HStA Düsseldorf. Denazification prozess. Virtually 100 percent of Rhineland industrialists joined the RKB.

78
. Richard J. Overy,
War and Economy in the Third Reich
(Oxford: Clarendon, 1994), 188–204.

79
. Ibid., 191.

80
. BA R19/414, Letter from Major (Schupo) Kummetz nach Düsseldorf (Kolonialpolitische Schulung der Polizei), May 19, 1937.

81
. Gellately,
The Gestapo and German Society
, found the Gestapo complements for Düsseldorf–126; Essen–43; Duisberg, 28.

82
. Krumbach,
Franz Ritter von Epp
, 270–1.

83
. Ibid, 300. The commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the colonial association (
Kolonial Gesellschaft
) fueled the atmosphere of rejuvenating political interest in the colonies.

84
. Woodruff D. Smith,
The German Colonial Empire
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1978), 233.

85
. NCA, document 3058-PS, letter from Heydrich to Göring: Subject: Action against the Jews, November 11, 1938. Heydrich reported 191 synagogues on fire, 76 destroyed, and many subsidiary buildings damaged. The Nazis had 20,000 Jews arrested and 36 killed. Looting had broken out and the police had arrested 174 persons.

86
. Noakes & Pridham, II, 553–65.

87
. BA R19/414, letter Himmler to Bormann, Betr. Berufschule January 17, 1939.

88
. Creveld,
Supplying War
, 142–7.

89
. NCA, document PS-2322, Hitler’s speech to the Reichstag, September 1, 1939.

90
. Noakes, IV, 137–8.

91
. Michael Burleigh and Wolfgang Wippermann,
The Racial State: Germany 1933-1945
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 63–4.

92
. NARA, RG242, BDC A3345-OS-5045, Vortrag über Die Deutsche Ordnungspolizei, Generalmajor der Polizei Querner, BdO Hamburg, September 2, 1940 (referred to as the Querner report).

93
. NARA, RG242, BDC, A3345-B-171, Karl Lautenschläger, Handbuch für den Hilfs-Polizeibeamten (Berlin, 1939). Interestingly, Krichbaum adapted the same source to itemize the duties of the GFP in Russia and France, mentioned in NARA, RG338, FMS, C-029, The German Secret Field Police, Oberst Wilhelm Krichbaum, May 18, 1947.

94
. NCA, document 647-PS, Führer directive, August 17, 1938.

95
. Ruth Bettina Birn,
Die Höheren SS-und Polizeiführer: Himmlers Vertreter im Reich und in den besetzten Gebieten
(Düsseldorf: Droste, 1986).

96
. NARA T1270/23/0519, interrogation of Adolf von Bomhard, June 27, 1945.

97
. Noakes & Pridham, III, 928.

98
. Alexander B. Rossino, “Destructive Impulses: German Soldiers and the Conquest of Poland,”
Holocaust and Genocide Studies
2 (Winter 1997), 351–65. See also Alexander B. Rossino,
Hitler Strikes Poland: Blitzkrieg, Ideology and Atrocity
(Lawrence: University of Kansas, 2003).

99
. NARA, RG242, T580, numerous incidents of banditry in the Polish forests in 1940, handled by the Gendarmerie.

100
. TVDB, 132–3; Wolfgang Jacobmeyer,
Das Diensttagebuch des deutschen Generalgouverneurs in Polen 1939–1945
(Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1975); and Jan Tomasz Gross,
Polish Society under German Occupation: The Generalgouvernment 1939–1944
(New Haven, Conn.: Princeton University Press, 1979), 162.

101
. Leonie Wheeler, “The SS and the Administration of Nazi Occupied Eastern Europe, 1939–1945,” (Phil. diss., University of Oxford, 1981), 63–76.

102
. Czeskaw Madajczyk,
Die Okkupationspolitik Nazideutschlands in Polen 19391945
, (Stottgary: Akademie, 1987).

103
. Noakes & Pridham, III, 924.

104
. PRO, HW16/6, MSGP 18, October 3, 1940.

105
. Mark C. Yerger,
Allgemeine-SS: The Commands, Units and Leaders of the General SS
(Winnepeg, Canada: J. J. Fedorowicz, 1997), 37.

106
. NARA, RG242, A3343-SS0-023, Bach-Zelewski, letter April 26, 1939.

107
. Friedman,
Bach-Zelewski
, 8.

108
. Wanda Machlejd (ed.),
War Crimes in Poland: Erich von dem Bach
(Warsaw: Zachodnia Agencja Prasowa, 1961), 27–31. Wanda was seventeen when she served in the resistance during the Warsaw uprising (refer to
chapter 8
) and, after her capture, managed to survive Belsen concentration camp. She was released in 1945.

109
. NARA, RG242, A3343-SS0-023, Bach-Zelewski, letter to Himmler, December 4, 1940.

110
. Ibid, Bach-Zelewski. Himmler replied wishing him success, December 23, 1940.

111
. BA R19/414, Daluege to Adolf von Bomhard, Betr. Kolonialpolizeigesetz, July 3, 1940.

112
. The Querner Report; NCA, document 2168-PS; and Ernst Bayer,
Die SA
(Berlin: Luennhaupt, 1938). See also John R. Angolia and David Littlejohn,
NSKK and NSFK: Uniforms, Organisation and History
(San Jose, Calif.: Bender, 1994).

113
. BA R19/15, Adolf von Bomhard, July 2, 1940. Betr. Meister (SB) und Wachtmeister (SB) der Schutzpolizei des Reiches, der Gendarmerie und der Schutzpolizei der Gemeinden, die sich fuer den Kolonialdienst gemeldet haben.

114
. BA R19/15, Daluege, RFSS O.Kdo PII (2e) 1 Nr. 1/40, Betr. Kolonialpolizei, October 31, 1940.

115
. PRO, HW16/6, MSGP 23, November 17, 1940.

116
. PRO, HW16, GPD104-105-106-107, December 3, 1940.

117
. NCA document D-665; also in Martin Broszat and Hemut Krausnick,
Anatomy of the SS State
(London: Collins, 1968), 264–5.

118
. Bramstedt,
Political Police
, 87–90; Bracher,
The German Dictatorship
, 442.

119
. George H. Stein,
Waffen-SS: Hitler’s Elite Guard at War, 1939–1945
(Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1966).

120
. NARA, RG242, T580, roll 216, Ansprache des Oberbefehlshabers der Ordnungspolizei anläβlich der Tagung der Inspekteure der Ordnungspolizei, January 21, 1941.

121
. Mark C. Yerger,
Waffen SS Commanders: The Army, Corps and Division Leaders of a Legend-Augsberger to Kreutz
(Atglen, Pa.: Schiffer, 1997), 146–8.

122
. NARA RG242, T175/13/2515813-90. Eventually, there were two colonial police academies, in Berlin-Oranienburg and Vienna.

123
. NARA, RG242, T580, roll 216, Ansprache des Chefs der Ordnungspolizei anlässlich der Tagung der Inspekteure der Ordnungspolizei am January 21, 1941, 24.

124
. BA R19/36, Errichtung eines Kolonialpolizeiamtes beim Hauptamt Ordnungspolizei, 0-HB 53 Nr2/41, Chef der Ordnungspolizei, March 6, 1941. See also BA R470.

125
. Wheeler, “The SS and the Administration of Nazi Occupied Eastern Europe,” 76.

126
. The essential companion on this subject is Rolf-Dieter Müller and Gerd R. Ueberschar,
Hitler’s War in the East 1941–1945: A Critical Assessment
(Oxford: Berghahn, 1997); and Horst Boog et al., trans. Dean S. McMurray, Ewald Osers, and Louise Willmot,
Germany and the Second World War: The Attack on the Soviet Union
, vol. 4 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), hereafter referred to as DZWK.

127
. Christian Streit,
Keine Kameraden: Die Wehrmacht und die sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen 1941–1945
(Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1978), 83–125; Christian Streit, “The German Army and the Policies of Genocide,” in Gerhard Hirschfeld,
The Policies of Genocide: Jews and Soviet Prisoners of War in Nazi Germany
(London, 1986), 1–14.

128
. The Barbarossa directives are collected in the following NCA documents: 446-PS, Directive 21, Operation Barbarossa, December 1940; 872-PS, Conference of “Fall Barbarossa” and “sonnenblume,” February 3, 1941; 874-PS, diversionary preparations with Fritz Todt, March 9, 1941; 873-PS, Conference with “Chief L” April 30, 1941; 876-PS, Deception of the enemy, May 12, 1941, and IMT C-50; and 886-PS Decree for the conduct of courts martial in the district “Barbarossa” and for special measures of the troop, May 13, 1941.

129
. Hamburger Institut für Sozialforschung (ed.),
Verbrechen der Wehrmacht: Dimensionen des Vernichtungskrieges 1941–1944
(Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, 2002); and Christian Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde: Die deutsche Wirtschafts-und Vernichtungspolitik in Weissrussland 1941 bis 1944
(Hamburg: Hamburg Edition HIS, 1999).

130
. Michael Reynolds,
Steel Inferno: 1st SS Panzer Corps in Normandy
(Staplehurst: Perseus, 1997).

131
. PRO, HW16/6, MSGP 28, September 12, 1941.

132
. PRO, HW16/6, MSGP 29, October 22, 1941.

133
. IWM, IMT, interrogation, Nr.2599, June 27, 1947. Bach-Zelewski alleged he was the ordnance officer of the 29th Infantry Regiment commanded by Schenckendorff after the First World War, under Wehrkreis III.

134
. NARA, FMS, B-629, “The Sphere of Duties of the Command Staff of the RFSS and the Chief of German Police and their collaboration with the OKW,” Ernst Rode (July 18, 1947).

135
. Yehoshua Büchler, “Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS: Himmler’s Personal Murder Brigades in 1941,”
Holocaust and Genocide Studies
1 (1986), 11–25.

136
. Unsere Ehre Heist Treue,
Kriegstagebuch des Kommandostabes Reichsführer-SS Tätigkeitsberichte der 1. Und 2. SS-Inf.-Brigade, der 1. SS-Kav-Brigade und von Sonderkommando der SS
(Vienna: Europa Verlag, 1965).

137
. Charles Sydnor,
Soldiers of Destruction: The SS Death’s Head Division, 1933-1945
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977), 122.

138
. Stein,
Waffen-SS: Hitler’s Elite Guard at War
, 120; Michael Burleigh,
The Third Reich: A New History
(London: Macmillan, 2000), 613. For the police units, see Edward B. Westermann, “‘Friend and Helper’: German Uniformed Police Operations in Poland and the General Government, 1939–1941,”
Journal of Military History
58 (October 1994), 643–61; “Himmler’s Uniformed Police on the Eastern Front: The Reich’s Secret Soldiers, 1941–1942.”
War in History
3 (1996), 309–29; and “‘Ordinary Men’ or ‘Ideological Soldiers’? Police Battalion 310 in Russia, 1942,”
German Studies Review
21 (February 1998), 41–68.

139
. NCA, document L-221, Martin Bormann memorandum, July 16, 1941; and Peter Longerich,
The Unwritten Order: Hitler’s Role in the Final Solution
(Stroud: Tempus Publishing, 2001), 69–74.

140
. NARA, RG242, T175/3/2503430/639, Orpo HQ, subject: Richtlinien für Partisanenbekämpfung, orders signed by Winkelmann, Daluege’s chief of staff, November 17, 1941. Although BA R19/305 Schnellbrief, Winkelmann, Betr. Richtlinien für Partisanenbekämpfung, October 17, 1941.

141
. NCA, IMT, L-221, op cit.

142
. BA MA, RH13/ v. 37, Berlin April 1938 (Wehrmachtsakademie Nr. 871/38 g.k).

143
. BA-MA, RW41/4, Abschrift, RFSS, July 25, 1941: “schutzformationen” in den neubesetzten Ostgebieten, July 31, 1941.

144
. BA R19/281, CdO, Betr. Schutzmannschaften in des Ostgebietes, November 6, 1941. Under the police code the Schuma were formed thus: Schutzmannschaft (
Einzeldienst
) dem Städten (known as the
Stadtschutzmannschaft);
the Schutzmannschaft (
Einzeldienst
) auf dem Lande (known as the
Landesschutzmannschaft);
Schutzmannschaft in geschlossenen Einheiten; the Feuerschutzmannschaft; and the Hilfsschutzmannschaft. The Schuma were granted three number categories 1 to 50 for those raised in HSSPF Russia-North; 51 to 100 for battalions raised in HSSPF Russia-Centre; and 101 to 200 for those created in HSSPF Russia-South. They were also granted the capability of raising specialist and technical branches using the appropriate technical term.