Hitler's Hangman (75 page)

According to Dederichs and Calic, Heydrich was ‘indoctrinated’ by Canaris; see Dederichs,

Heydrich
, 42; Calic,
Heydrich
, 32–40, particularly 38.

87. Lina Heydrich as quoted in Aronson,
Frühgeschichte
, 34.

88. Aronson,
Frühgeschichte
, 28f.

89. Deschner,
Heydrich
, 30; see, too, Michael Müller,
Canaris. Hitlers Abwehrchef. Biographie

(Berlin, 2006), 123; Heinz Höhne,
Canaris. Patriot im Zwielicht
(Munich, 1976), 91;

André Brissaud,
Canaris. Fürst des deutschen Geheimdienstes oder Meister des Doppelspiels?

(Frankfurt am Main, 1976), 26f.; Heydrich,
Kriegsverbrecher
, 24.

90. Lehmann-Jottkowitz, as quoted in Aronson,
Frühgeschichte
, 32.

91. Lebram’s post-war testimony as quoted in ibid., 31; see, too, Deschner,
Heydrich
, 32f.

Lebram’s post-war account of Heydrich’s lack of manners are somewhat unconvincing and

are contradicted by other accounts. See, for example, the post-war account of his child-

hood friend Günther Gereke, as quoted in Calic,
Schlüsselfigur
, 48, and that of his fellow

crew member Heinrich Beucke in Aronson,
Frühgeschichte
, 32 and 260, n. 80.

92. ‘Deutsche Dienststelle für die Benachrichtigung der nächsten Angehörigen von Gefallenen

der ehemaligen deutschen Wehrmacht (WASt)’, 8 July 2009; see, too, Aronson,

Frühgeschichte
, 31.

93. Beucke, as quoted in Aronson,
Frühgeschichte
, 32.

94. Schultze as quoted in Deschner,
Heydrich
, 35.

95. Aronson,
Frühgeschichte
, 33; and the more ‘colourful’ description in Calic,
Heydrich
, 38.

96. Aronson,
Frühgeschichte
, 32 and 260, n. 80. Lebram and Lina Heydrich confirmed this

assessment in their own post-war recollections. See Lebram’s testimony in Aronson,

Frühgeschichte
, 33, and Heydrich,
Kriegsverbrecher
, 24.

97. Beucke, as quoted in Aronson,
Frühgeschichte
, 32 and 260, n. 80. See, too, Deschner,

Heydrich,
34.

98. Christine Eisenberg, ‘Massensport in der Weimarer Republik. Ein statistischer Überblick’,

Archiv für Sozialgeschichte
33 (1993), 137–77, here 147.

99. Calic,
Heydrich
, 35; Dederichs,
Heydrich
, 44.

100. Gustav Kleikamp’s letter in
Der Spiegel
, 9/1950 (2 March 1950), 42.

101. Beucke, as quoted in Aronson,
Frühgeschichte
, 32 and 260, n. 80.

102. Lebram, as quoted in ibid., 49.

103. Beucke, as quoted in ibid., 32 and 260, n. 80.

104. Ibid., 53.

105. Ibid., 34; Heydrich,
Kriegsverbrecher
, 12ff.

106. Heydrich,
Kriegsverbrecher
, 7f.; Dederichs,
Heydrich
, 30f.

107. Heydrich,
Kriegsverbrecher
, 9; Dederichs,
Heydrich
, 49.

108. Heydrich,
Kriegsverbrecher
, 10f.; Deschner,
Heydrich
, 37; Dederichs,
Heydrich
, 50.

109. Reinhard Heydrich to Lina von Osten, 18 December 1930, in IfZ, Ed 450.

110. Aronson,
Frühgeschichte
, 34; Deschner,
Heydrich
, 37. On the social decline and political

radicalization of the German aristocracy, see Stephan Malinowski,
Vom König zum Führer.

Deutscher Adel und Nationalsozialismus
(Frankfurt am Main, 2003).

304

N OT E S to pp. 41–50

111. Lina Heydrich as quoted in Aronson,
Frühgeschichte
, 54.

112. Lina Heydrich as quoted in Aronson,
Frühgeschichte
, 35.

113. Aronson,
Frühgeschichte
, 34; Deschner,
Heydrich
, 37f.; Heydrich,
Kriegsverbrecher
, 42f.

114 Evans,
Coming of the Third Reich
, 76.

115. Richard J. Evans, ‘The Emergence of Nazi Ideology’, in Jane Caplan (ed.),
Nazi Germany

(Oxford, 2008), 26–47.

116. Jürgen Falter, Thomas Lindenberger and Siegfried Schumann,
Wahlen und Abstimmungen

in der Weimarer Republik. Materialien zum Wahlverhalten 1919–1933
(Munich, 1986), 41.

117. Heydrich,
Kriegsverbrecher
, 12f. and 19; Dederichs,
Heydrich
, 50.

118. Reinhard Heydrich to Lina von Osten’s parents, 3 January 1931, in IfZ, Ed 450.

119. Heydrich,
Kriegsverbrecher
, 20; Aronson,
Frühgeschichte
, 34; Dederichs,
Heydrich
, 50f.; Deschner,
Heydrich
, 38; Calic,
Heydrich
, 45.

120. Deschner,
Heydrich
, 39; Dederichs,
Heydrich
, 51; Aronson
Frühgeschichte
, 35; Deschner,
Heydrich
, 39; Gustav Kleikamp,
Der Spiegel
, 9/1950 (2 March 1950), 42; Heydrich,

Kriegsverbrecher
, 21.

121. Beucke, as quoted in Aronson,
Frühgeschichte
, 35. This version of events was backed up by

one of the members of the honour court, Vice Admiral Gustav Kleikamp. See
Der Spiegel
,

2 March 1950, 42f.

122. Kleikamp in
Der Spiegel
, 2 March 1950.

123. Kleikamp in
Der Spiegel
, 2 March 1950. See, too, Aronson,
Frühgeschichte
, 35; Deschner,

Heydrich
, 40; Dederichs,
Heydrich
, 51.

124. Notice of Heydrich’s discharge, in
Marineverordnungsblatt
, 1 May 1931; Heydrich,

Kriegsverbrecher
, 25.

125. Heydrich,
Kriegsverbrecher
, 21 and 26f.; Aronson,
Frühgeschichte
, 35; Deschner,
Heydrich
, 40.

126. Unemployment figures according to Falter et al.,
Wahlen
, 38. On the origins and conse-

quences of the Great Depression, see Milton Friedman and Anna Jacobson Schwartz,
The

Great Contraction, 1929–1933
(Princeton, NJ, 2008); Patricia Clavin,
The Great Depression

in Europe, 1929–1939
(Basingstoke, 2000).

127. Deschner,
Heydrich
, 40; Heydrich,
Kriegsverbrecher
, 20f.; Aronson,
Frühgeschichte
, 35.

128. Heydrich,
Kriegsverbrecher
, 21; Aronson,
Frühgeschichte
, 36.

129. ‘Abschrift des Berichts aus dem September 1931 über die Besichtigung des Heydrichschen

Musikseminars’, StaH, Akten der Schulverwaltung, 118, vol. II; see, too, Aronson,

Frühgeschichte
, 36; Heydrich,
Kriegsverbrecher
, 21f.

130. Heydrich,
Kriegsverbrecher
, 25.

131. A copy is reprinted in ibid., 32.

132. Deschner,
Heydrich
, 41; Dederichs,
Heydrich
, 54; Heydrich,
Kriegsverbrecher
, 25.

133. Heydrich,
Kriegsverbrecher
, 26; Aronson,
Frühgeschichte
, 36.

134. Deschner,
Heydrich
, 41; Heydrich,
Kriegsverbrecher
, 22; Aronson,
Frühgeschichte
, 37.

135. Aronson,
Frühgeschichte
, 33.

136. Post-war trial testimony of Karl von Eberstein, 15 October 1965, in Eberstein Papers,

Bayerisches Hauptsstaatsarchiv, Munich.

137. Aronson,
Frühgeschichte
, 37; Dederichs,
Heydrich
, 54; Heydrich,
Kriegsverbrecher
, 25; Deschner,
Heydrich
, 42.

138. Aronson,
Frühgeschichte
, 37.

139. BAB, BDC, SSO Reinhard Heydrich; Eberstein’s letter of reference, in National Archives,

Kew, WO 219/5283, 5.

140. Warzecha’s letter of reference, in National Archives, Kew, WO 219/5283, 5–6.

141. George C. Browder,
Foundations of the Nazi Police State: The Formation of Sipo and SD

(Lexington, KY, 1990), 21.

142. Heydrich,
Kriegsverbrecher
, 26; Aronson,
Frühgeschichte
, 37; Deschner,
Heydrich
, 43ff.

Chapter III: Becoming Heydrich

1. Heydrich,
Kriegsverbrecher
, 26.

2. See, for example, Breitman,
Architect
, 87; Heinrich Fraenkel and Roger Manvell,
Himmler.

Kleinbürger und Massenmörder
(Frankfurt am Main, 1965), 80; affidavit of Wilhelm Höttl,

N OT E S to pp. 50–7

305

in
IMT
, vol. 11, 259; testimony Kaltenbrunner of 12 April 1946, in
IMT
, vol. 11, 337f.; Fest,

‘Successor’, 143, 146f., and 151f.; Andreas Schulz and Gundula Grebner,
Generationswechsel

und historischer Wandel
(Munich, 2003); Schellenberg,
Labyrinth
, 228 and 256f.; Deschner,

Heydrich
, 10 and 282.

3. Kersten,
Totenkopf
, 130. See, too, the post-war testimony of Wilhelm Wanek, a senior offi-

cial in the SD-Ausland, in IfZ, ZS 1579. This interpretation was popularized by Fest,

‘Successor’, 139ff.

4. Longerich,
Himmler
; Breitman,
Architect
; on his early years, see, too, Bradley F. Smith,

Heinrich Himmler: A Nazi in the Making, 1900–1921
(Stanford, CA, 1974).

5. Diehl,
Körperbilder
; Sven Reichardt, ‘Gewalt, Körper, Politik. Paradoxien in der

Kulturgeschichte der Zwischenkriegszeit’, in Wolfgang Hardtwig (ed.),
Politische

Kulturgeschichte der Zwischenkriegszeit 1918–1939
(Göttingen, 2005), 205–39.

6. Deschner,
Heydrich
, 45f.; Dederichs,
Heydrich
, 55; Shlomo Aronson and Richard Breitman,

‘Eine unbekannte Himmler-Rede vom Januar 1943’,
VfZ
38 (1990), 337–48, here 343.

7. Wildt,
Generation
, 241.

8. Heydrich,
Kriegsverbrecher
, 27; Aronson and Breitman, ‘Rede’, 343f., suggest that the salary

was even lower: 120 Reichsmarks per month. For these and other comparative salaries in

1931, see Dietmar Petzina, Werner Abelschauser and Anselm Faust (eds),
Materialien zur

Statistik des Deutschen Reiches 1914–1945
(Munich, 1978), 100ff.

9. See the post-war testimony of Erich Schultze, as quoted in Deschner,
Heydrich
, 46.

10. Himmler’s funeral speech as printed in Walter Wannenmacher (ed.),
Reinhard Heydrich.

Ein Leben der Tat
(Prague, 1944), 81ff.

11. BAB, BDC, SSO Reinhard Heydrich; Heinz Höhne,
Der Orden unter dem Totenkopf. Die

Geschichte der SS
(Munich, 1984), 23ff.

12. Höhne,
Orden
, 56.

13. Inspekteur für Statistik to Himmler, 1 March 1943, as quoted in Bernd Wegner,
Hitlers

politische Soldaten. Die Waffen-SS 1933–1945. Leitbild, Struktur und Funktion einer national-

sozialistischen Elite
(Paderborn, 1997), 80. See, too, Adrian Weale,
The SS: A New History

(London, 2010), 19ff.; on aristocrats in the SS, see Malinowski,
Führer
; on the SA see Peter

Longerich,
Die braunen Bataillone. Geschichte der SA
(Munich, 1989), 111. Heydrich’s SS

membership number was 10,120. See BAB, BDC, SSO Reinhard Heydrich.

14. Sven Reichardt,
Faschistische Kampfbünde. Gewalt und Gemeinschaft im italienischen

Squadrismus und in der deutschen SA
(Cologne, 2002), 166ff.

15. BAB, BDC, SSO Streckenbach; Michael Wildt, ‘Der Hamburger Gestapochef Bruno

Streckenbach. Eine nationalsozialistische Karriere’, in Frank Bajohr and Joachim Szodrzynski

(eds),
Hamburg in der NS-Zeit: Ergebnisse neuerer Forschungen
(Hamburg, 1995), 93–123.

16. On Heydrich’s apolitical stance in 1931, see Heydrich,
Kriegsverbrecher
, 27 and 63; Aronson

and Breitman, ‘Rede’, 344; on Hamburg in this period, see Anthony McElligott,
Contested

City: Municipal Politics and the Rise of Nazism in Altona, 1917–1937
(Ann Arbor, MI, 1998),

163ff.; Ursula Büttner, ‘Der Aufstieg der NSDAP’, in Forschungsstelle für Zeitgeschichte

in Hamburg (ed.),
Hamburg im Dritten Reich
(Göttingen, 2005), 27–68.

17. Calic,
Heydrich
, 58f. To be sure, such stories have to be taken with a pinch of salt. It is strange

that Nazi propaganda never mentioned Heydrich’s time in Hamburg after 1942 when a

violent confrontation with an ideological opponent, perhaps even an injury received during

an attack, would have increased Heydrich’s nimbus as a ‘man of deed’.

18. On Streckenbach, see Wildt, ‘Streckenbach’.

19. Aronson,
Frühgeschichte
, 55ff.; Browder,
Enforcers
, 105ff.; Lawrence D. Stokes, ‘The

Sicherheitsdienst (SD) of the Reichsführer SS and German Public Opinion, September

1939–June 1941’, unpublished PhD thesis, Johns Hopkins University, 1972, 28.

20. BAB, BDC, SSO Hildebrandt; Aronson,
Frühgeschichte
, 56; Deschner,
Heydrich
, 51.

21. Reinhard Heydrich to Mathilde von Osten, 11 August 1931, in IfZ, Ed 450.

22. Reinhard Heydrich to Mathilde von Osten, 22 August 1931, in IfZ, Ed 450.

23. Aronson,
Frühgeschichte
, doc. 7, pp. 317f. See Wolff’s post-war testimony, in IfZ, ZS 317, ff. 34f.

24. Himmler’s order in Aronson,
Frühgeschichte
, 55 and (as doc. 8) 318.

25. Aronson,
Frühgeschichte
, 56; Deschner,
Heydrich
, 55; Heydrich,
Kriegsverbrecher
, 27.