Read Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews Online
Authors: Peter Longerich
Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews
H O L O C A U S T
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HOLOCAUST
The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews
PETER LONGERICH
1
3
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp
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q Peter Longerich 2010
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Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India
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ISBN 978–0–19–280436–5
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Publisher’s Acknowledgements
The publishers would like to extend their especial thanks to Professor Jeremy
Noakes for his editorial contribution to the preparation of the English edition of
this book.
Acknowledgements
It would be impossible to list by name all the friends, colleagues, and other people
who in one way or another have contributed to the writing of this book.
I will therefore restrict myself to thanking the many archivists and librarians
who have helped me, as well as all my colleagues, both in Germany and abroad,
who have given me the opportunity to discuss various sections of the book and
some of the arguments to be found within it at various conferences, lectures, and
seminars. In fact, I would like to thank everyone with whom I have discussed this
subject, in whatever context, over the years.
The whole project would have been impossible without the generous assistance
of the German Department of Royal Holloway College, who once again gener-
ously gave me leave from my regular academic duties. I would like to thank all my
colleagues and students, in particular Maire Davies and Bill Jones. A ten-month
research residency at the International Research Centre of the Israeli Centre for
Remembrance and Research at Yad Vashem proved particularly enlightening, for
which I am very grateful to Israel Gutman, who was at that time the director of the
institute. I would also like to thank the Faculty of Social Sciences at the Universität
der Bundeswehr in Munich, in particular Michael Wolffsohn and Merith Niehuss,
to whom I submitted the original version of this book as my post-doctoral thesis.
The whole project would have been impossible without the generous assistance
of the German Department and the School of Modern Languages, Literature, and
Culture of Royal Holloway College. I would like to thank all my colleagues and
students. In particular I would like to express my deep gratitude to Jeremy Noakes
without whom the English edition would not exist.
London and Munich, November 2009
Contents
Historical Background: Anti-Semitism in the Weimar Republic
P A R T I R A C I A L P E R S E C U T I O N , 1933–1939
1. The Displacement of the Jews from Public Life, 1933–1934
2. Segregation and Comprehensive Discrimination, 1935–1937
3. Interim Conclusions: The Removal of Jews from German Society,
the Formation of the National Socialist ‘People’s Community’,
and its Consequences for Jewish Life in Germany
4. The Intensification of the Racial Persecution of Non-Jewish Groups
by the Police Apparatus, 1936–1937
5. Comprehensive Deprivation of Rights and Forced Emigration, late
6. The Politics of Organized Expulsion
P A R T I I T H E P E R S E C U T I O N O F T H E J E W S , 1939–1941
7. The Persecution of Jews in the Territory of the Reich, 1939–1940
8. German Occupation and the Persecution of the Jews in Poland,
1939–1940/1941: The First Variant of a ‘Territorial Solution’
viii
Contents
P A R T I I I M A S S E X E C U T I O N S O F J E W S I N T H E
O C C U P I E D S O V I E T Z O N E S , 1941
10. Laying the Ground for a War of Racial Annihilation
11. The Mass Murder of Jewish Men
12. The Transition from Anti-Semitic Terror to Genocide
13. Enforcing the Annihilation Policy: Extending the Shootings
to the Whole Jewish Population
P A R T I V G E N E S I S O F T H E F I N A L S O L U T I O N O N A
E U R O P E A N S C A L E , 1941
14. Plans for a Europe-Wide Deportation Programme after the Start of
15. Autumn 1941: Beginning of the Deportations and Regional
P A R T V T H E E X T E R M I N A T I O N O F T H E E U R O P E A N
17. The Beginning of the Extermination Policy on a European Scale in 1942
18. The Further Development of the Policy of Extermination after the
Turning of the War in 1942–1943: Continuation of the Murders
and Geographical Expansion of the Deportations
AA
Auswärtiges Amt (Foreign Ministry)
Abt.
Department
ADAP
Akten zur Deutschen Auswärtigen Politik
AdV
Alldeutscher Verband
AGK
Archivum Glównej Komisji Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich
w Polsce
AOK
Army High Command
APL
Archivum Panstwowe w Lublinie
Aufl.
Edition
BAB
Bundesarchiv Berlin
BAM
Bundesarchiv/Militärarchiv
Batl.
Battalion
Bd.
volume
BDC
Berlin Document Centre
BdO
Commander of the Order Police
BdS
Commander of the Security Police
BHSt.A
Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv
Biuletyn
Biuletyn Glownej Komisji Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich
w Polsce
BLI
Bulletin Leo Baeck Institute
BT
Berliner Tageblatt
CDJC
Centre de Documentation Juive Contemporaine
CdZ
Head of the Civil Administration
CEH
Central European History
CV
Centralverein deutscher Staatsbürger jüdischen Glaubens
(Central Assocation for Citizens of the Jewish Faith)
x
Abbreviations
DAF
Deutsche Arbeitsfront (German Labour Front)
DAZ
Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung
DG
Durchgangsstrasse
DHR
German University Circle
DHV
German National Association of Commercial Employees
DGFP
Documents on German Foreign Policy
DiM
Dokumenty i Materialy
DNVP
German National[ist] People’s Party
DVFP
German Völkish Freedom Party
EK
Einsatzkommando (Task Force Commando)
EM
Ereignismeldung (Action Report USSR)
EWZ
Einwandererzentrale (Immigration Centre)
FRUS
Foreign Relations of the United States
FZ
Frankfurter Zeitung
Gestapa
Geheime Staatspolizeiamt (Secret State Police Office)
Gestapo
Geheime Staatspolizei (Secret State Police)
GFP
Geheime Feldpolizei (Secret Military Police)
GG
General Government
GSR
German Studies Review
GStaA
Geheime Staatsarchiv Berlin-Dahlem
HGS
Holocaust and Genocide Studies
HSSPF
Higher SS and Police Commander
1a
Senior Ranking General Staff Officer
1c
Third Ranking General Staff Officer (Intelligence)
IfZ
Institut für Zeitgeschichte
IKG
Israelitische Kultusgemeinde
IMT
International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg)
JA
Jahrbuch für Antisemitismusforschung
JDC
Joint Distribution Committee
JR
Jüdische Rundschau
KdO
Commander of the Order Police
KdS
Commander of the Security Police
KL
Konzentrationslager (Concentration Camp)
KPD
German Communist Party
Abbreviations
xi
Kripo
Criminal Police
KTB
Kriegstagebuch (War Diary)
KZ
Concentration Camp
LAF
Lithuanian Activist Front
LBIY
Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook
LG
Landgericht (Provincial Court)
LV
Provincial Association
MBliV
Ministerialblatt fur die innere Verwaltung
MGM
Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen
NA
National Archives, Washington DC
NKVD
Soviet People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs
NS, ns
National Socialist
NSDAP
Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist
German Workers’ Party)
NS-Hago
Nationalsozialistische Handels-, Handwerks-und
Gewerbeorganisation (National Socialist Association for Commerce,
Crafts, and Trade)
NYT
New York Times
NZZ
Neue Züricher Zeitung
ObdH
Commander-in-Chief of the Army
OKH
Oberkommando des Heeres (Army High Command)
OKW
Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (Armed Forces High
Command)
OS
Osabi Archive (Moscow)
OT
Organisation Todt
OUN
Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
PAA
Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes
Pol.Abt.
Political department
RAF
Royal Air Force
Reg.Bez.
Regierungsbezirk (Government District)
RFSS
Reichsführer SS
RGBl
Reichsgesetzblatt
RKF
Reichskommisar für die Festigung deutschen Volkstums
(Reich Commissioner for Settlement)
RMBliV
Reichsministerialblatt für die innere Verwaltung
xii
Abbreviations
RSHA
Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Reich Security Head Office)
RVJD
Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland
RWM
Reichswirtschaftsministerium (Reich Ministry of Economics)
SA
Sturmabteilung (Storm Troop)
SD
Sicherheitsdienst (Security Service)
