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Index

‘Abd-al-Rahmân,
88
,
89

Abelard, Peter,
166

“academic freedom,”
167–68

Académie Royale,
306

Accius, Lucius,
52

Acemoglu, Daron,
345

Acre,
109
,
284

Adam of Breman,
146

Adrianople, Battle of,
57
,
64

Aeschylus,
16–17

Afonso IV (king of Portugal),
206

Africa: Battle of Shangani,
362
; depicted in the
Medici Atlas
,
207
; diseases affecting Westerners,
359–60
; Portuguese voyages along the coast of,
207–8

African slavery: American Indians and,
236–37
; Catholic slave codes,
230–32
; causes of,
227–28
; colonialism and,
219
,
220
; slave trade,
228–29
.
See also
slavery

Age of Belief, The
(Fremantle),
70

Age of Discovery: European knowledge of geography,
200–203
; European political disunity and,
212–13
; navigational technology,
203–4
; overview,
199
; Portuguese voyages of exploration,
199
,
205–9
; significance of,
214–15
; voyages of Amerigo Vespucci,
214
; voyages of Cabot,
213–14
; voyages of Columbus,
210–13

Age of Imperialism,
364–66

Agincourt, Battle of,
85
,
86

Agobard of Lyons,
124

agriculture: during the Dark Ages,
76–78
; the
Mesta
system in Spain,
257
; prosperity during the Medieval Warm Period,
146–47
; urbanization and,
333–34

Alaric,
60
,
64
,
65–66

Alba, Duke of.
See
Toledo, Don Fernando Álvarez de

Albert of Saxony,
177

Albertus Magnus, Saint,
136
,
171–72
,
196

Alexander II (pope),
98

Alexander the Great,
27
,
28
,
32

Alexius I Comnenus,
99
,
102
,
103–5

Ali Pasha,
293
,
294

Allen, Robert C.,
342

Almagest
(Ptolemy),
173–74
,
210

Algorismus
(John of Sacrobosco),
171

America: gold and silver taken by Spain,
242–43
; naming of,
214
; Spanish immigration,
259–60
; voyages of Amerigo Vespucci to,
214
; voyages of Cabot to,
213–14
; voyages of Columbus to,
210–13
.
See also
North America

American Indians: lack of technological progress,
237–40
; myths of the “noble savage,”
232–37
; slavery and,
236–37

amphitheaters: Roman,
55

Anastasius (pope),
112

anatomical studies,
164–65

Anaxagoras,
25–26

Anaximander,
24

ancient empires: exploitation, stagnation, and repression in,
9
,
10–13

Andronicus, Livius,
52

Anglo-Saxons: arrival in England,
75
; flight after the Norman conquest of England,
99

Anselm, Saint,
124

Antioch: capture by the crusaders,
105–6
; massacre of 1266,
111
; Princedom of,
107–8

Antioch-at-Jerusalem,
34

anti-Semitism: during the Black Death,
151–52
; Islam and,
301–2
; Luther and,
275
; in the Rhine region,
152

Antwerp,
249
,
250–51

Aphrodite of Knidos,
22

Aquinas.
See
Thomas Aquinas, Saint

Arabic numerals,
296

Arab societies: modernity and,
370

Aratus,
35

Archimedes,
23
,
200
,
343

architecture: during the Dark Ages,
83
; influence of dhimmis on Muslim architecture,
295–96

Arens, William,
233

Aristotelian logic,
28

Aristotle: on the Athenian Empire,
30
; conception of the universe as cyclic,
37–38
; early Christianity and,
37–38
; on the Greek economy,
20
; Islam and,
298–99
; ownership of slaves,
29
; philosophical concepts,
27–28
; Scholasticism and,
164
,
165
; on the universe as uncreated,
316
; views of commerce,
343
; Western science and,
304–5

Armenia,
301

arms and armor: crossbows,
85
,
99
,
109
; crusader victories and,
109
; during the Dark Ages,
84–85
; of the Vikings,
95–96

Armstrong, Karen,
109

Arnarson, Ingólfr,
145

arquebuses,
197
,
220–21

Arsuf,
108

Artaxerxes II,
17

artillery.
See
cannons

arts: ancient Greece,
21–22
; Dark Ages,
73–74
,
82–83
; Greco-Roman,
51–52

Ascalon, Battle of,
107

Asimov, Isaac,
307

Assayer
(Galileo),
318

astrolabe,
23
,
204

astrology,
161

astronomy: illusions about Islamic contributions,
296–97
; Scholastics and the Copernican “revolution,”
169–79

Atahualpa,
223–24

Atharī, Masha’allah ibn,
296

Athenian Empire,
30