IBM and the Holocaust (94 page)

1. Express Letter, Heydrich to
   Einsatzgruppen,
   September 21, 1939, pp. 3-4, USHMM Folder B; Heydrich, Implementation Order No.1 for the Regulation of October 26, 1939, for the Introduction of Forced Labor for the Jewish Population in the Government-General, December 11, 1939, VBIGG, 1939, pp. 231-232 cited in Arad et al., pp. 179-180.
   
2. Aly and Roth, pp. 83, 85.
   
3. Raul Hilberg et al., eds.,
   The Warsaw Diary of Adam Czerniakow,
   transl. Stanislaw Staron (New York: Stein and Day, 1979), p. 76; Isaiah Trunk,
   Judenrat: The Jewish Councils in
   Eastern Europe Under Nazi Occupation
   (New York: Macmillan, 1972; Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1972), p. 1; Yisrael Gutman,
   Resistance: The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
   (New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1994), opposite p. 107.
   
4. Hilberg et al., pp. 78, 79, 80, 81.
   
5. Abraham I. Katsh, ed. and transl.,
   The Warsaw Diary of Chaim A. Kaplan
   (New York: Collier Books, 1965), p. 52.
   
6. Hilberg et al., pp. 81-86.
   
7. Turkin, "Polish Territory Occupied by Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in September 1939," PRO FO 371/24470/C1523/116/55; Hilberg et al.
   ,
   p
   .
   28.
   
8. Hilberg et al., pp. 54, 84; see photo, "SS Man Publicly Humiliating a Religious Jew in Warsaw," Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz (Berlin, Germany, 1939); see Katsh, p. 54.
   
9. Hilberg et al., p. 84.
   
10. Hilberg et al., p. 84.
    
11. Hilberg et al., pp. 85, 90.
    
12. Hilberg et al., pp. 85, 87, 90.
    
13. Hilberg et al., pp. 85, 86.
    
14. Katsh, p. 55.
    
15. Katsh, p. 57.
    
16. Katsh, p. 59.
    
17. Katsh, p. 86.
    
18. Kenneth Barker, ed.,
    The NIV Study Bible
    (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1995), p. 604.
    
19. Hilberg et al.
    ,
    p. 86.
    
20. Hilberg et al., p. 86; Joseph Kermish, ed.,
    To Live with Honor and Die with Honor: Selected
    Documents from the Warsaw Ghetto Underground Archives
    , "O.S." [Oneg Shabbath], (Jeru - salem: Yad Vashem, 1986), p. 137.
    
21. Hilberg et al., pp. 86-87.
    
22. Hilberg et al., pp. 90-91; "Jews' Plight Held Critical in Poland,"
    NYT,
    December 10, 1939; Kermish, p. 138.
    
23. Encyclopaedia Judaica,
    s.v
    . "
    Warsaw," p. 342; Hilberg et al., pp. 59-60, 88; "Jews' Plight Held Critical in Poland,"
    NYT,
    December 10, 1939;
    www2.dsu.nodak.edu/users/dmeier/Holocaust/deportations.html
    . Trunk, pp. 356, 382.
    
24. Connally, p. E-10.
    
25. Connally, p. E-10.
    
26. J.W. Schotte, Curriculum Vitae, circa 1940, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; see Connally, p. 30.
    
27. J.W. Schotte, Curriculum Vitae, circa 1940, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; see Connally, p. 30.
    
28. Connally, p. 30.
    
29. Connally, p. 30.
    
30. Connally, p. 30.
    
31. Connally, p. E-12, 31; H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 4, p. 5, July 19, 1945, IBM Files;
    www.ibm.com
    website.
    
32. H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 4, July 19, 1945, pp. 1, 5, 7, 11, IBM Files; Connally, p. E-12.
    
33. H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 4, July 19, 1945, pp. 1, 6-7, IBM Files; Connally, p. E-12; CSDIC, "Secret Report: PW Intelligence Bulletin No. 2/57," April 25, 1945, section II, p. 4, NA RG226; "Confidential Report on Our Dealings with War Ministries in Europe," J.W. Schotte to L.H. La Motte, Appendix Item 2, circa spring 1940, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
    
34. H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 4, July 19, 1945, p. 3, IBM Files; Connally, p. E-12.
    
35. H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 4, July 19, 1945, pp. 4, 11, IBM Files; Connally, p. E-12;
    Encyclopaedia Judaica,
    s.v. "Warsaw," p. 342.
    
36. H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 4, July 19, 1945, pp. 2 (subsection 1), 88-9, 15, IBM Files; Connally, p. E-12.
    
37. H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 4, July 19, 1945, p. 9, IBM Files.
    
38. H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 4, July 19, 1945, pp. 12-13, IBM Files.
    
39. H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 4, July 19, 1945, pp. 12-13, IBM Files.
    
40. H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 4, July 19, 1945, p. 9, IBM Files.
    
41. Correspondence to Author, July 14, 2000; H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 4, July 19, 1945, p. 9, IBM Files; also see Letter and attached photo,
    Zydowski Instytut Historyczny
    (Jewish Historical Institute), July 14, 2000, and map #4 in Abraham Lewin,
    A Cup of Tears: A Diary of
    the Warsaw Ghetto,
    transl. Christopher Hutton (Oxford: Basil Blackwell), p. 4.
    
42. Trunk, pp. 172-175.
    
43. Aly and Roth, p. 10; see Trunk, pp. 259, 286; Aly and Roth, p. 11.
    
44. Aly and Roth, pp. 10-11.
    
45. Aly and Roth, pp. 10-11.
    
46. Aly and Roth, p. 11.
    
47. Aly and Roth, p. 11.
    
48. Aly and Roth, p. 80.
    
49. Letter, H. Rottke to Thomas J. Watson, December 6, 1939, IBM Files.
    
50. Dehomag Profit Statement, circa spring 1940, IBM Files.
    

VIII: WITH BLITZKRIEG EFFICIENCY

1. "How Hitler Has Changed the Map of Europe,"
   NYT,
   June 2, 1940.
   
2. "Center of Rotterdam Devastated After Its Commander Surrendered,"
   NYT
   , May 21, 1940; "Nazi Newsreel Shows Rotterdam in Flames,"
   NYT,
   May 23, 1940; "Brussels Is Raided,"
   NYT
   , May 10, 1940.
   
3. "Terrors' of Nazis Related by Benes,"
   NYT,
   June 3, 1939; "Big Haul for Nazis in Dutch Invasion,"
   NYT
   , May 16, 1940; "Transport of Jews in Stettin Reported,"
   NYT,
   February 14, 1940; "Jewish Camp Set Up,"
   NYT,
   September 30, 1939; "New Deportations of Jews,"
   NYT,
   January 21, 1940; "Conscript Labor Put at 2,500,000 in Reich,"
   NYT,
   February 2, 1940; "500 Jews Allowed to go to Slovakia,"
   NYT,
   February 22, 1940; "Nazis Said to Remove Lublin Ghetto Plan,"
   NYT,
   February 27, 1940; "Poles Charge Nazis Aim to End Nation,"
   NYT
   , April 3, 1940.
   
4. "Poland Protests German 'Horrors,' "
   NYT,
   December 3, 1939; "Refugees Are Pouring Into England and France with Harrowing Tales,"
   NYT,
   May 13, 1940; "Big Haul for Nazis in Dutch Invasion,"
   NYT
   , May 16, 1940; also see L. DeJong,
   Het Koninkrijk in de Tweede
   Wereldoorlog,
   Vol. 3:
   Ma 1940,
   pp. 498-501 ('s Gravenhage: 1970).
   
5. "Jews Said to Face Famine in Poland,"
   NYT
   , November 6, 1939; "Fears for Polish Jews,"
   NYT
   , January 22, 1940.
   
6. "Jews in Cracow Move to Ghettos,"
   NYT
   , March 16, 1940.
   
7. H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 3, July 14, 1945, IBM Files; Letter, Thomas J. Watson to H. Rottke, September 13, 1939, IBM Files; Letter, Dutch Consulate to Commission of Mobility of Law in War Time, December 4, 1940, DNA RG2.06.09 Box 7; see Letter, J.G. Phillips to Dutch Consulate U.S., September 17, 1940, and Letter, Dutch Consulate U.S. to Commission of Law in War Time, June 20, 1941, DNA RG2.06.09 Box 7; Letter, Commission of Mobility of Law in War Time to Dutch Consulate U.S., July 12, 1941, DNA RG2.06.09 Box 7; Letter, J.G. Phillips to Dutch Consulate, June 10, 1941, and see Letter, Commission of Mobility of Law in War Time to Dutch Consulate, April 16, 1941, DNA RG2.06.09 Box 7; also see Memorandum to Files Re: Application NY-203330, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
   
8. "Butler Sees Navy as Force for Peace,"
   NYT
   , May 5, 1940.
   
9. "Foreigners Study in Company School,"
   NYT
   , May 9, 1940.
   
10. "IBM Group Holds Busman's Holiday," "They Are All Coming on 12 Special Trains,"
    NYT
    , May 13, 1940; Thomas J. Watson, Jr., and Peter Petre,
    Father, Son & Co.: My Life at
    IBM and Beyond
    (New York: Bantam Books, 1990), p. 84; "IBM Employees Dine,"
    NYT,
    May 14, 1940; "Program for Today at World's Fair,"
    NYT,
    June 23, 1940; see Letter, F.W. Nichol to Cordell Hull, April 15, 1939, NA RG59 811.607.
    
11. "They Are All Coming on 12 Special Trains," "IBM Group Holds Busman's Holiday,"
    NYT
    , May 13, 1940.
    
12. "Confidential Report on Our Dealings with War Ministries of Europe," J.W. Schotte to L.H. La Motte, circa spring 1940, p. 1, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
    
13. "Confidential Report on Our Dealings with War Ministries of Europe," J.W. Schotte to L.H. La Motte, circa spring 1940, p. 1, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
    
14. "Confidential Report on Our Dealings with War Ministries of Europe," J.W. Schotte to L.H. La Motte, circa spring 1940, p. 1, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
    
15. "Confidential Report on Our Dealings with War Ministries of Europe," J.W. Schotte to L.H. La Motte, circa spring 1940, p. 1, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
    
16. "Confidential Report on Our Dealings with War Ministries of Europe," J.W. Schotte to L.H. La Motte, circa spring 1940, p. 1, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
    
17. "Confidential Report on Our Dealings with War Ministries of Europe," J.W. Schotte to L.H. La Motte, circa spring 1940, p. 2, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
    
18. "Confidential Report on Our Dealings with War Ministries of Europe," J.W. Schotte to L.H. La Motte, circa spring 1940, p. 2, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
    
19. "Confidential Report on Our Dealings with War Ministries of Europe," J.W. Schotte to L.H. La Motte, circa spring 1940, pp. 2, 4, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
    
20. "Confidential Report on Our Dealings with War Ministries of Europe," J.W. Schotte to L.H. La Motte, circa spring 1940, p. 2, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
    
21. "Confidential Report on Our Dealings with War Ministries of Europe," J.W. Schotte to L.H. La Motte, circa spring 1940, pp. 2-3, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
    
22. "Confidential Report on Our Dealings with War Ministries of Europe," J.W. Schotte to L.H. La Motte, circa spring 1940, p. 3, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
    
23. "Confidential Report on Our Dealings with War Ministries of Europe," J.W. Schotte to L.H. La Motte, circa spring 1940, p. 3, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
    
24. "Confidential Report on Our Dealings with War Ministries of Europe," J.W. Schotte to L.H. La Motte, Attachment, circa spring 1940, p. 5, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
    
25. "Confidential Report on Our Dealings with War Ministries of Europe," J.W. Schotte to L.H. La Motte, circa spring 1940, p. 6, Attachment, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; see "Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen GmbH: Confidential Report 242," p. 2, IIA, submitted by Harold J. Carter, December 8, 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
    
26. "Confidential Report on Our Dealings with War Ministries of Europe," J.W. Schotte to L.H. La Motte, circa spring 1940, p. 5, Attachment, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
    
27. "Confidential Report on Our Dealings with War Ministries of Europe," J.W. Schotte to L.H. La Motte, circa spring 1940, p. 5, Attachment, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; Walther Lauersen, "Organisation und Aufgaben des Maschinellen Berichtwesens des Reichministers fur Rustung und Kriegsproduktion," December 5, 1945, pp. 3-4, BA R3/17a; "Conscript Labor at 2,500,000 in Reich,"
    NYT
    , February 2, 1941.
    
28. "Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen GmbH: Confidential Report 242," p. 2, IIA, submitted by Harold J. Carter, December 8, 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
    
29. "Confidential Report on Our Dealings with War Ministries of Europe," J.W. Schotte to L.H. La Motte, circa spring 1940, p. 5, Attachment, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
    
30. "Confidential Report on Our Dealings with War Ministries of Europe," J.W. Schotte to L.H. La Motte, circa spring 1940, p. 5, Attachment, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; Secret German Police Activities, Summary 4, p. 7, April 1940, PRO HW16/3.
    
31. Summary of Enemy Economic Developments #90, Ministry of Economic Warfare, June 4, 1940, p. 12, Item 61, PRO FO 337/440.
    
32. "Confidential Report on Our Dealings with War Ministries of Europe," J.W. Schotte to L.H. La Motte, circa spring 1940, p. 5, Attachment, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
    
33. Summary of Economic Developments #90, Ministry of Economic Warfare, June 4, 1940, p. 12, Item 65, PRO FO 337/440; H.J. Carter, Draft Interview Notes with J.W. Schotte, June 14-16, 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; see Lauersen, p. 15, BA R3/17a fol.1.
    
34. "Confidential Report on Our Dealings with War Ministries of Europe," J.W. Schotte to L.H. La Motte, circa spring 1940, p. 5, Attachment, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; see CSDIC, "Secret Report: PW Intelligence Bulletin No. 2/57," April 25, 1945, section III, p. 13, NA RG226.
    
35. "Confidential Report on Our Dealings with War Ministries of Europe," J.W. Schotte to L.H. La Motte, circa spring 1940, p. 5, Attachment, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; see CSDIC, "Secret Report: PW Intelligence Bulletin No. 2/57," April 25, 1945, section III, pp. 12-13, NA RG226; "Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen GmbH: Confidential Report 242," IIA, submitted by Harold J. Carter, December 8, 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
    
36. "Confidential Report on Our Dealings with War Ministries of Europe," J.W. Schotte to L.H. La Motte, circa spring 1940, p. 5, Attachment, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
    
37. Lauersen, p. 15, BA R3/17a fol.1.
    
38. "Machines as of September 30, 1940," IBM Files.
    
39. "Machines as of September 30, 1940," IBM Files.
    
40. "Confidential Report on Our Dealings with War Ministries of Europe," J.W. Schotte to L.H. La Motte, circa spring 1940, p. 2, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; H.B. Fellinger, General Report, August 8, 1945, p. 2, IBM Files.
    
41. Letter, IBM to H.K. Chauncey, October 20, 1941, RG60; see CSDIC, "Secret Report: PW Intelligence Bulletin No. 2/57," April 25, 1945, section III, pp. 12-13, NA RG226.
    
42. "Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen GmbH: Confidential Report 242," submitted by Harold J. Carter, December 8, 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; Pugh, p. 48: H.J. Carter, Draft Interview Notes with J.W. Schotte, June 14-16, 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
    
43. Connally, pp. E-9-E-15; "Monthly Average Card Cost and Selling Price Per Country, Three Months Ended March 31, 1939," Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60. Letter, J.G. Phillips to Netherlands Consulate General, September 17, 1940, DNA RG2.06.09 Box 7; H.J. Carter, Draft Interview Notes with J.W. Schotte, June 14-16, 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG 60.
    
44. J.W. Schotte, War Memorandum, April 1940, pp. 2-4, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; NA RG242, T-73 Reel 8; Summary of Enemy Economic Developments #90, Ministry of Economic Warfare, June 4, 1940, p. 12, PRO FO 337/440.
    
45. NA RG242, T-73 Roll 8.
    
46. NA RG 242 T-73 Roll 8; Hummer, "Die Aufbereitung der Volks- und Berufszahlung 1933 im Hollerith-Lochkartenverfahren,"
    Hollerith Nachrichten (HN)
    28 (August 1933): 343; Bohlerwerk Card is author's copy; also see BA NS 48/6.
    
47. Bohlerwerk Card is author's copy.
    
48. BA NS 48/6.
    
49. Hummer, p. 345; Lauersen, p. 15, BA R3/17a fol.1; "Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen GmbH: Confidential Report 242," pp. 3-4, submitted by Harold J. Carter, December 8, 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; Rudolf Lawin, "Die Auszahlung einer Wohnungsbestandsaufnahme im Hollerith-Verfahren,"
    HN
    58 (February 1936): 773; "Reich Housing Law segregates Jews,"
    NYT,
    May 5, 1939.
    
50. Rassenamt and Heiratsamt Cards, BA NS 48/6; Hummer, p. 345; Bohlerwerk Card is author's copy; "Report on Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen GmbH: Confidential Report 242," p. 9, submitted by Harold J. Carter, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, December 8, 1943, NA RG60.
    
51. "Card featuring POWs," NA RG 242, T-73, Reel 8.
    
52. "Card featuring POWs," NA RG 242, T-73, Reel 8.
    
53. "Card featuring POWs," NA RG 242, T-73, Reel 8.
    
54. CSDIC, "Secret Report: PW Intelligence Bulletin No. 2/57," section III, p. 13, NA RG226; "Oral Testimony of Jean-Frederic Veith,"
    The Avalon Project: Nuremberg Trial Proceedings,
    Vol. 6,
    January 28, 1946,
    www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon
    ; schematic drawings, NA RG 242, T-73, Reel 8, Frames 1053289 and 1053381.
    
55. Dehomag Calculation of Bonus on Profits, February 16, 1940, IBM Files.
    
56. Letter, W.A. Pithie to F.C. Elstob, April 22, 1940, IBM Files.
    
57. "$5,996,482 Earned on Office Machines,"
    NYT
    , July 26, 1940.
    
58. Transcript, American Committee of the International Chamber of Commerce, April 29, 1940, Hagley Accession 1960, U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Box 9, pp. 405, 410-412; "Van Zeeland Tells Business Key Role,"
    NYT,
    April 30, 1940; "They Are All Coming on 12 Special Trains,"
    NYT
    , May 13, 1940.
    
59. Transcript, American Committee of the International Chamber of Commerce, April 29, 1940, p. 405, Hagley Accession 1960.
    
60. Gallup Question, circa spring 1940, USGALLUP.051940.RK02B.
    
61. Letter, Cordell Hull to Thomas J. Watson, May 20, 1940, IBM Files; FBI, File No. 65-205, January 13, 1941, NA RG59 862.20211.
    
62. Letter, Cordell Hull to Thomas J. Watson, May 20, 1940, IBM Files.
    
63. "$3 Million for Dutch Relief,"
    NYT,
    May 24, 1940.
    
64. "Sales School Is Opened,"
    NYT,
    July 15, 1936; Connally, p. E-9; FBI, File No. 65-205, June 6, 1940, January 13, 1941, and attached material, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60 862.20211; "Leaders of Bund Indicted in New Jersey,"
    NYT,
    October 12, 1940; "Nazis Aid Protesters,"
    NYT
    , October 11, 1940; "Says Bund Mapped Wall St. Hangings,"
    NYT,
    October 5, 1940.
    
65. FBI, File No. 862.20211, June 6, 1940, pp. 1-4, NA RG59 862.20211; FBI, Case Report, File No. 65-290, Karl Georg Ruthe, January 18, 1940, October 11, 1940, NA RG59 800.20211; FBI, Case Report, File No. 65-721, Karl Georg Ruthe, October 2, 1940, NA RG59 800.20211; FBI, Case Report, File No. 65-6344, Karl Georg Ruthe, February 13, 1941, NA RG59 800.20211.