In Our Control (58 page)

  
27.
Inga Muscio,
Cunt: A Declaration of Independence
(Emeryville, CA: Seal Press, 2002), 35.

  
28.
Margaret Lock, “Cultivating the Body: Anthropology and Epistemologies of Bodily Practice and Knowledge,”
Annual Review of Anthropology
22 (October 1993): 134.

  
29.
Ibid., 135.

  
30.
Buckley and Gottlieb, “A Critical Appraisal,” 13.

  
31.
Ray Moynihan and Alan Cassels, “A Disease for Every Pill,”
Nation
, September 29, 2005.

  
32.
Laws,
Issues of Blood
, 43.

  
33.
Ibid., 30.

  
34.
Ibid., 64.

  
35.
Ibid., 190.

  
36.
Elizabeth Arveda Kissling,
Capitalizing on the Curse: The Business of Menstruation
(Boulder, CO, and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2006), 1.

  
37.
Houppert,
The Curse
, 8.

  
38.
Nina Darnton and Patrick Rogers, “How Kids Grow: The End of Innocence,”
Newsweek
, June 1, 1991.

  
39.
Emily Martin,
The Woman in the Body: A Cultural Analysis of Reproduction
(Boston: Beacon Press, 1987), 49.

  
40.
Houppert,
The Curse
, 77.

  
41.
Laura Kipnis,
The Female Thing: Dirt, Envy, Sex, Vulnerability
(New York: Pantheon, 2006), 120–21.

  
42.
Ibid.

Chapter Six: Spotless

    
1.
Clarissa Kripke, “Cyclic vs. Continuous or Extended-Cycle Combined Contraceptives,” Cochrane for Clinicians,
American Family Physician
73, no. 5 (March 1, 2006): 804.

    
2.
Malcolm Gladwell, “John Rock’s Error,”
New Yorker
, March 13, 2000, 54.

    
3.
Ibid., 55.

    
4.
Quoted in Deborah Kotz, “FDA Approves Lybrel, a Pill Designed to Stop Menstruation,”
U.S. News and World Report
, May 22, 2007.

    
5.
Elsimar M. Coutinho with Sheldon J. Segal,
Is Menstruation Obsolete?
(Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 9.

    
6.
R. V. Short, “The Evolution of Human Reproduction,” in
Contraceptives of the Future: A Royal Society Discussion
(London: Royal Society, 1976), 3–24.

    
7.
Ibid., 19

    
8.
R. V. Short, “Reproduction and Human Society,” in
Artificial Control of Reproduction
, ed. C. R. Austin and R. V. Short (Oxford: Alden, 1972), 124.

    
9.
Karen Houppert,
The Curse: Confronting the Last Unmentionable Taboo, Menstruation
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1999), 147.

  
10.
Zahra Meghani, “Of Sex, Nationalities and Populations: The Construction of Menstruation as a Patho-Physiology,” in
Menstruation: A Cultural History
, ed. Andrew Shail and Gillian Howie (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), 132.

  
11.
Ibid., 131–32.

  
12.
Coutinho with Segal,
Is Menstruation Obsolete?
xiv.

  
13.
Kathleen O’Grady, review of
Is Menstruation Obsolete?
by Elsimar M. Coutinho with Sheldon J. Segal,
Herizons
(Winter 2000).

  
14.
Elisabeth Beausang, “Childbirth in Prehistory: An Introduction,”
European Journal of Archaeology
3, no. 1 (April 2000): 70.

  
15.
Coutinho with Segal,
Is Menstruation Obsolete?
15.

  
16.
Zahra Meghani, “Of Sex, Nationalities and Population,” 130–45.

  
17.
Coutinho with Segal,
Is Menstruation Obsolete?
63.

  
18.
Ibid., 71.

  
19.
Ibid., 71.

  
20.
Michael Stolberg, “The Monthly Malady: A History of Premenstrual Suffering,”
Medical History
44, no. 3 (July 2000): 301–22.

  
21.
Ibid., 303.

  
22.
Marni Kwiecien et al., “Bleeding Patterns and Patient Acceptability of Standard or Continuous Dosing Regimens of a Low-Dose Oral Contraceptive: A Randomized Trial,”
Contraception
67, no. 1 (January 2003): 9–13.

  
23.
Susan Rako,
No More Periods?
(New York: Harmony Books, 2003), 46.

  
24.
Meghani, “Of Sex, Nationalities and Populations,” 136.

  
25.
Ibid.

  
26.
A. F. Glasier et al., “Amenorrhea Associated with Contraception—An International Study on Acceptability,”
Contraception
67, no. 1 (January 2003): 1–8.

  
27.
Ibid.

  
28.
Linda C. Andrist et al., “Women’s and Providers Attitudes Toward Menstrual Suppression with Extended Use of Oral Contraceptives,”
Contraception
70, no. 5 (November 2004): 359–63.

  
29.
F.D. Anderson, Howard Hait, and the Seasonale-301 Study Group, “A Multicenter, Randomized Study of an Extended Cycle Oral Contraceptive,”
Contraception
68, no. 2 (August 2003): 89–96.

  
30.
Kay A. Chitale, Consumer Promotion Analyst and Regulatory Review Officer at the FDA’s Division of Drug Marketing, Advertising and Communications, to Joseph Carrado, Senior Director of Regulatory Affairs at Barr Research, Inc., December 29, 2004,
http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/EnforcementActivitiesbyFDA/WarningLettersandNoticeofViolationLetterstoPharmaceuticalCompanies/ucm054665.pdf
.

  
31.
Ibid.

  
32.
Ibid.

  
33.
The study was supported by a grant from Wyeth, and of the scientists performing it, “Drs. David F. Archer, Jeffery T. Jensen and Julia V. Johnson were investigators for this study and received research funding from Wyeth Research.” The article notes that “other sources of research funding and/or financial relationships include” a list of over a dozen drug companies and pharmaceutical divisions. Only one of the study’s six authors had “no financial affiliations.” While such relationships are not uncommon, they are not insignificant.

  
34.
David F. Archer et al., “Evaluation of a Continuous Regimen of Levonorgestrel/Ethinyl Estradiol: Phase 3 Study Results,”
Contraception
74, no. 6 (December 2006): 439–45.

  
35.
Christian Nordqvist, “FDA Does Not Approve Wyeth Contraceptive, Lybrel,”
Medical News Today
, June 29, 2006,
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/46224.php
.

  
36.
US Food and Drug Administration, “FDA Approves Contraceptive for Continuous Use,” news release, May 22, 2007,
http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/Press
Announcements/2007/ucm108918.htm.

  
37.
Glasier et al., “Amenorrhea Associated with Contraception,” 1.

  
38.
Leslie Miller, Carole H. J. Verhoeven, and Johanna in’t Hout, “Extended Regimens of the Contraceptive Vaginal Ring: A Randomized Trial,”
Obstetrics & Gynecology
106, no. 3 (September 2005): 473–82; Fernando Augusto Barreiros et al., “Bleeding Patterns of Women Using Extended Regimens of the Contraceptive Vaginal Ring,”
Contraception
75, no. 3 (March 2007): 204–8.

  
39.
Quoted in Kotz, “FDA Approves Lybrel.”

  
40.
Kripke, “Cyclic vs. Continuous or Extended-Cycle,” 804.

  
41.
Ibid.

  
42.
Anne R. Davis et al., “Return to Menses After Continuous Use of a Low-Dose Oral Contraceptive,”
Obstetrics & Gynecology
107, suppl. 4 (April 2006): 3S.

  
43.
Society for Menstrual Cycle Research, “Menstruation Is Not a Disease,” position statement, June 8, 2007,
http://menstruationresearch.org/position-statements/menstrual-supression-2007/
.

  
44.
“FDA Black Box Warning” in Richard P. Dickey,
Managing Contraceptive Pill Patients
, 13th ed. (Dallas, TX: EMIS Medical Publishers, 2007), 70.

  
45.
US Food and Drug Administration, “FDA Approves Contraceptive.”

  
46.
Rako,
No More Periods?
20.

  
47.
William H. Parker et al., “Ovarian Conservation at the Time of Hysterectomy for Benign Disease,”
Obstetrics & Gynecology
106, no. 2 (August 2005): 219–26.

  
48.
Society for Menstrual Cycle Research, “Menstruation Is Not a Disease.”

  
49.
Ibid.

  
50.
Tracy Clark-Flory, “The End of Menstruation,”
Salon.com
, February 4, 2008,
www.salon.com/mwt/feature/2008/02/04/menstruation/print.html
.

  
51.
Jaclyn Geller,
Here Comes the Bride: Women, Weddings and the Marriage Mystique
(New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 2001), 54–63.

  
52.
Society for Menstrual Cycle Research, “Menstruation Is Not a Disease.”