In The Blink Of An Eye (47 page)

Page numbers in
italics
refer to illustrations and figures in the text.

Abe, Katsumi

Abyssal Plain

acetate, fossil casts

acorn worms

adaptation; beetle exoskeletons; to light; to vision;
see also
selection pressures

adaptive camouflage

adaptive radiation

Adoutte, André

Africa

Agassiz, Jean Louis Rodolphe

agnathans

Akhenaten, Pharaoh

Alberta, Canada

alciopids

algae

Amazon river

amber, flies in

amino acids

Ammolite

ammonites

ammonoids

amoebae

amphipods

angelfish

annelids

Anolis
lizards

Antarctica

antennae, seed-shrimps

apposition eyes

aragonite

Archimedes

Aristotle

ark clams

armies, use of colour

armour: evolution of; spines

arrow worms

art: ancient Egyptian; Impressionism

arthropods; Burgess Shale fossils; Cambrian explosion; defences; eyes; as predators; senses; three-dimensional models

Asia, plate tectonics

Atlas moths

atmosphere: carbon dioxide levels; light levels; oxygenation of

auk, great

Australia: Great Barrier Reef; placental mammals; SEAS expedition; sedimentary rocks; stromatolites; upside-down flies; Wollemi pines

Australian Museum

Australian Navy

Axial Seamount

bacteria: ancient spores; cyanobacteria; in hot springs; in hydrothermal vents; light perception

‘baked bean' seed-shrimps

Balavoine, Guillaume

Barrington, Daines

Bates, Henry

bats

beach fleas

beaks, squid

bees

beetles: camouflage; exoskeleton adaptation; Messel beetles; pigments; structural colours; ultraviolet colouration

behaviour, adaptation to light

‘the bends'

Bengtson, Stefan

Bergström, Jan

bifocal glasses

‘Big Bang' of evolution
see
Cambrian explosion

biodiversity; cave animals; day/night differences; deep-sea animals; and light levels

bioluminescence

birds; courtship displays; disruptive colouration; eyes; footprints; fossils; magnetic detectors; relationship with dinosaurs; species; ultraviolet vision

birds of paradise

birds of prey

black smokers (hydrothermal vents)

Blake, William

blanket fog, in Precambrian

blue light: seed-shrimp iridescence; thin films; trilobite eyes; under water

blue-green algae
see
cyanobacteria

body plan
see
external hard parts; internal body plans

bones: fossilisation; muscle attachments

Book of the Dead

box jellyfish

Bragg, Sir William

brain, visual processing

Briggs, Derek

bristle stars

bristle worms; Burgess Shale fossils; diffraction gratings; eggs; eyes; feeding parts; light perception; senses; spines; swimming ability

brittlestars

brook lampreys

Burgess Shale fossils; chordates; defences; diffraction gratings; discovery and excavation; environment; eyes; formation of; importance of; predators; prey species; trilobites

Burney, Fanny

Butterfield, Nick

butterflies

calcite lenses

calcium phosphate

Cambrian explosion; colour in; dating of; external body parts; eyeless chordates; eyes in Cambrian fossils; eyes as cause of; food webs; fossils; possible explanations; predators; reconstructions of Cambrian period; trigger for evolution of eye; trilobites

Cambridge project

camera obscura

camera-type eyes

camouflage: as adaptation to light; adaptive camouflage; chromatophores; colour; countershading; disruptive colouration; in evolution; light conditions and; mammals; mimicry; predators; shadows; silver colouration; soldiers' use of; transparency; under water

Canada

carbon dioxide, in atmosphere

Caribbean Sea

carrion beetles

cats

cave fish

caves; adaptations to lack of light; bioluminescence; cave paintings; colour of cave animals

cells: nucleus; organised colonies; single-celled organisms

cephalopods

chameleons

chemical defences

chemical receptors

Chen Junguan

Chengdu Institute of Geology

Chengjiang

China

chitin

chlorophyll

chordates; eyeless; eyes; fossils; hearing; pressure receptors

chromatophores

chromosomes

cicadas

cichlid fishes

cladistics

clams

Clarkson, Euan

classification of animals

climate, carbon dioxide levels in atmosphere

cloning, revived DNA

cnidarians; body plan; Burgess Shale fossils; eyes; senses

Cohen, Anne

collagen

Collier, Frederick

Collins, Des

colour: and adaptation to light; in ancient Egyptian art; bristle worms; Cambrian fossils; cave animals; chromatophores; colour mixing; courtship displays; Darwinian view; deep-sea animals; disruptive colouration; existence of; in fossils; iridescence; mimicry; Newton's theory; photography; pigments; Poulton and; selective pressure; television; ultraviolet; under water; use by warriors; warning colouration;
see also
camouflage; structural colours

comb jellies; body plan; Burgess Shale fossils; senses

compound eyes; acute zones; apposition eyes; evolution; focusing; holochroal eyes; in prey species; schizochroal eyes; sessile eyes; single eyes; stalked eyes; superposition eyes; trilobites

computer-aided design (CAD)

conches

conifers

conodonts

continental shelf

continental slope

continents, movement of

convergence

Conway Morris, Simon

corals

cornea

countershading, camouflage

courtship displays: birds; butterflies; humans; seed-shrimps

crabs; breeding strategy; eyes; iridescence; luminescence; senses; sounds

crayfish

crickets

crocodiles

crustaceans; evolution from trilobites; eyes; marine cave animals; scavenging

crystals, liquid

Cunningham, J. T.

cuttlefish

cyanobacteria

Cypridinidae

darkness: in caves; at night; in oceans

Darwin, Charles; on colour; Down House; on the eye; on fossils;
On the Origin of Species

deep-sea animals, eyes

defences, prey species

Denton, Sir Eric

Descartes, René

deserts

detectors; chemical; eyes as; gravity; mechanical; sound :
see also
light perception

diffraction gratings; bristle worms; Burgess Shale fossils; discovery of; right-way-up flies; seed-shrimps; upside-down flies

digestive systems, fossil evidence

dinoflagellates

dinosaurs; DNA; dung; extinction of; footprints; fossils; predators; reconstructions; relationship with birds; sounds

disease

disruptive colouration

diversity
see
biodiversity

DNA; in cell nucleus; cloning; from dinosaurs; mapping diseases; sexual reproduction

dodo

dolphins

Down House, Kent

Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan

dragonflies

dung beetles

eagle owls

ears

Earth: movement of continents; passage through spiral arms of galaxy;
‘Snowball Earth' hypothesis;
see also
atmosphere

earthworms

echidna

echinoderms

Ediacaran fossils

egg, sexual reproduction

Egypt, ancient

electric eel

electric fish

embryos, direct development

energy, bioluminescence

environment: and adaptation to light; and adaptive radiation; Burgess Shale; and convergence; possible explanations for Cambrian explosion

Erwin, Doug

evolution: adaptive radiation; convergence; diversification; effects of vision on; of eyes; importance of fossils to study of; laws of survival; in low-light environments; macro-evolution; micro-evolution; of news media; nocturnal animals; and plate tectonics; predetermination assumption; regressive evolution; senses; sexual reproduction; species; trigger for evolution of eye;
see also
adaptation; Cambrian explosion; selection pressures

Exner, Sigmund

exoskeletons, beetles

external hard parts: and Cambrian explosion; convergence; defences; selection pressures

extinctions; extraterrestrial causes; mass extinctions

extraterrestrial life

eyeless chordates

eyeless seed-shrimps

eyes; at night; as binary detectors; camera-type eyes; as cause of Cambrian explosion; cave animals; colour vision; convergence; deep-sea animals; evolution of; focusing; fossils; importance to predators; iris; mirror eyes; in non-arthropod phyla; pinhole eyes; position of; predators; as selection pressure; sessile eyes; simple eyes; size of; stalked eyes; trigger for evolution of; trilobites;
see also
compound eyes; lenses; retina; vision

eyespots (light detectors)

eyespots (patterns)

fan worms

feeding: fossil evidence; seed-shrimps;
see also
predators; prey species

Fermat, Pierre de

Field, British Columbia

Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago

fish; camouflage; cave fish; electric fish; eyeless; eyes; jawless; living fossils; magnetic detectors; pressure receptors; silver colouration

flamingos

flatworms; body plan; light receptors; marlin parasites; senses

flea beetle

flies

flight

Flinders Ranges

focusing; compound eyes; graded lenses; simple eyes

fog, in Precambrian

food pyramid, nocturnal animals

food webs: Cambrian explosion; cave animals; eye position and; marine scavengers

footprints, trace fossils

forensic science

Fortey, Richard

fossils: Cambrian explosion; chordates; colour; cyanobacteria; defences; definition of; Ediacaran fossils; eyes; formation of; importance in study of evolution; interpretation of; living fossils; phosphatisation; plants; plate tectonics and; Precambrian Period; predators; reconstructions; structural colours; sub-fossils; three-dimensional models; trace fossils;
see also
Burgess Shale fossils

Franklin, Benjamin

Fraunhofer, Joseph von

frogs

fruit flies

galaxy, Earth's passage through spiral arm

Garcia-Bellido, Diego

Gatesy, Stephen

gemstones

genes: and convergence; extinct genes; genetic drift; and internal body plans; sexual reproduction

geological timescale

Germany

gigantism, deep-sea animals

Giotto (Ambrogio Bondone)

giraffes

glass

glasses, bifocal

global warming

glow-worms

goanna

gold leaf, in ancient Egyptian art

Gould, Stephen Jay

graded lenses

Granton Shrimp Beds

grasshoppers

gravity detectors

Gray, Mike

Great Barrier Reef

green light: seed-shrimp iridescence; thin films

greenhouse effect

Greenland

guineafowl

guppies

hagfishes

hairs, chemical detectors

Halkieriids

Halocyprida

halophores, seed-shrimp antennae

Hamelin Pool

hammerhead sharks

handedness, trilobites

hard parts
see
external hard parts

Harper, Charles

Harvard University

Hawaii

healing ability, trilobites

hearing

heliography

Hennig, Willi