Infamy (39 page)

The FBI officials:
Tamura,
Nisei Soldiers Break Their Silence
, p. 38.

“There is a monstrous fifth”:
Ronald Bishop,
To Protect and Serve: The “Guard Dog” Function of Journalism in Coverage of the Japanese-American Internment
(Columbia, SC: Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, 2000), p. 70.

At the same time, General DeWitt:
Fox, “General John DeWitt.”

The confusion and fear:
Oppenheim,
Dear Miss Breed
, p. 22.

CHAPTER 2

Then the governor gave:
Daniels,
Prisoners Without Trial
, p. 42.

The president, in:
Richard Drinnon,
Keeper of Concentration Camps: Dillon S. Myer and American Racism
(Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987), p. 259 et al.

Stories like that:
Leo Katcher,
Earl Warren: A Political Biography
(New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1967), p. 138.

California’s capital:
Wikipedia, “Florin, California,” May 1, 2010. Web, accessed June 13, 2010.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florin,_California
.

And as early as February:
McWilliams,
Prejudice
, p. 107.

The papers were joined:
Katcher,
Earl Warren
, p. 145.

To the south:
Aljean Harmetz,
Round Up the Usual Suspects: The Making of
Casablanca
: Bogart, Bergman, and World War II
(New York: Hyperion, 1992).

“The necessity for mass”:
Katcher,
Earl Warren
, p.147.

General DeWitt:
PJ
, p. 73.

Despite what he had:
McWilliams,
Prejudice
, p. 116.

Enraged by the:
Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, “Document 4: Memorandum to the President from Attorney General Francis Biddle, February 17, 1942.”

At the same time:
Katcher,
Earl Warren
, p. 145.

CHAPTER 3

As the islanders were frantically:
John Allen,
Hikoji Takeuchi Interview Segment 5
, DOH, November 7, 2002. Web, accessed April 10, 2011.

In the end, the DiMaggios:
Daniels,
Prisoners Without Trial
, p. 51. Joe DiMaggio enlisted in the army in February of 1943. He was assigned to Special Services and spent most of his time on the mainland and in Hawaii playing baseball for the Seventh Army Air Force team with several Yankee teammates. He returned to the Yankees in September of 1945. His brothers, Vincent and Dominic, both major league players, for the Pittsburgh Pirates and Boston Red Sox, also enlisted.

In Monterey, an Issei:
McWilliams,
Prejudice
, p. 133.

With West Coast:
Robinson,
By Order of the President
, p. 248.

On March 24:
DENSHO,
Civilian Exclusion Order No. 1
, March 25, 1942. Web, accessed April 10, 2011.

“You trying to sell”:
Allen,
Hikoji Takeuchi Interview Segment 5
, DOH
.

Thirteen of the marchers:
Bainbridge Island Review
, March 28, 1942, p. 1.

The Matsudas:
Gruenewald,
Looking Like the Enemy
, p. 44.

Frank Emi:
Frank Abe,
Frank Emi Interview Segment 1
, DOH, March 20, 1994. Web, accessed December 22, 2010.

The Najimas of Petaluma:
Megan Asaka,
Irene Najima Interview Segment 13
, DOH, August 4, 2008. Web, accessed June 20, 2011.
www.denshovh-nirene-01-segment13.com
.

In Sacramento, a state:
Stephen Magagnini, “Japanese Americans Celebrate Hero Who Saved Their Farms,”
Sacramento Bee
, February 13, 2010. Web, accessed June 5, 2010.

When the war ended:
“Bob Fletcher Dies at 101; Saved Farms of Interned Japanese Americans,”
Los Angeles Times
, June 3, 2013. Web, accessed June 8, 2013.

The same kind of thing:
Robert B. Cozzens, BOH, p. 45.

Another eleven-year-old, Ben Tateishi:
Cooper,
Fighting for Honor
, p. 10.

Yoshimi Matsura was about:
Tom Ikeda,
Yoshimi Matsura Interview Segment 12
, DOH, June 17, 2009. Web, accessed December 3, 2010.

Hideo Hoshide and his girlfriend:
Tom Ikeda,
Hideo Hoshide Interview 1 Segment 36
, DOH, January 26, 2006. Web, accessed December 3, 2010.

One Washington State strawberry:
Deborah Kent,
The Tragic History of the Japanese-American Internment Camps
(Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers, Inc., 2008), p. 47.

Hirabayashi, a senior:
American Friends Service Committee, Gordon Hirabayashi’s Statement Against the U.S. Internment of Japanese Americans, January 6, 2012.

CHAPTER 4

The governor of Arizona:
McWilliams,
Prejudice
, p. 67.

In Lone Pine, a:
Jessie A. Garrett and Ronald C. Larsons,
Camp and Community: Manzanar and the Owens Valley
(Fullerton: California State University, Japanese American Oral History Project, 1977).

Estelle Ishigo:
Robinson,
By Order of the President
, p. 258.

After they arrived:
Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston and James D. Houston,
Farewell to Manzanar
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973).

The end of the trail:
PJ
, p. 151.

“There is going to be”:
Matthew T. Estes and Donald H. Estes, “Hot Enough to Melt Iron: The San Diego Nikkei Experience 1942–1946,”
Journal of San Diego History
42, no. 3 (Summer 1996): 2. Web, accessed June 27, 2013.

The peaceful endurance:
JAH
, p. 143. See also Delphine Hirasuna,
The Art of Gaman: Arts and Crafts from the Japanese American Internment Camps 1942–1946
(Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press, 2005).

Jeanne Wakatsuki:
Houston and Houston,
Farewell to Manzanar
.

While the overwhelming:
Ibid.

Returning to the camps:
Estes and Estes, “Hot Enough to Melt Iron.”

CHAPTER 5

“
Soon barracks only”:
Uchida,
Desert Exile
, p. 119.

“I was the first Jap”:
Larry Dane Brimner,
Voices from the Camps: Internment of Japanese Americans During World War II
(New York: Franklin Watts, 1994), p. 50.

“The earth around Poston”:
Estes and Estes, “Hot Enough to Melt Iron.”

Isamu Noguchi arrived:
Masayo Duus,
The Life of Isamu Noguchi: Journey Without Borders
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004), p. 162.

By mid-summer Isamu:
Ibid., p. 170.

Fathers dug foxholes:
George Hirahara interview.

Charles Hamasaki, who:
Brimner,
Voices from the Camps
, p. 50.

Frank Emi, the:
Frank Abe,
Frank Emi Interview II Segment 5
, DOH, January 30, 1998. Web, accessed December 10, 2010.

At the beginning:
Oppenheim,
Dear Miss Breed
, p. 140.

Ever cheerful, Louise:
Estes and Estes, “Hot Enough to Melt Iron.”

On December 8, 1942:
Ralph G. Martin,
Boy from Nebraska: The Story of Ben Kuroki
(New York: Harper & Brothers, 1946), p. 73.

As the first Christmas:
Oppenheim,
Dear Miss Breed
, p. 145.

The Japanese American:
Ibid., p. 146.

“Yesterday night I got”:
HAY, p. 30.

“Dec. 25, 1942”:
Ibid.

By the end of 1942:
Klancy Clark De Nevers,
The Colonel and the Pacifist: Karl Bendetsen, Perry Saito, and the Incarceration of Japanese Americans During World War II
(Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2004), p. 177.

At the same time, Governor:
Tamura,
Nisei Soldiers Break Their Silence
, p. 44.

CHAPTER 6

At the beginning:
JAH
, p. 60.

Bill Hosokawa:
HOS, p. 414.

The first instructor:
Joseph D. Harrington,
Yankee Samurai: The Secret Role of Nisei in America’s Pacific Victory
(Detroit, MI: Pettigrew Enterprises, 1979), p. 9; James C. McNaughton,
Nisei Linguists: Japanese Americans in the Military Intelligence Service During World War II
(Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army 2006), p. 91.

“No American”:
Harrington,
Yankee Samurai
, pp. 9, 15.

The work of:
McNaughton,
Nisei Linguists
, p. 159 et al.

When camp was over:
Harrington,
Yankee Samurai
, p. 184.

The MIS:
Ibid., Kindle location 3993 et al.

Among the most:
Ibid., Kindle location 5712.

One irony:
Ibid., Kindle location 2408.

One of the
Kibei
:
Ibid., p. 159.

Staff Sergeant Roy:
Ibid., p. 252.

On the tiny:
McNaughton,
Nisei Linguists
, Kindle location 5955.

After the war:
Lyn Crost,
Honor by Fire: Japanese Americans at War in Europe and the Pacific
(Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1994), p. 31.

Ben Kuroki:
Martin,
Boy from Nebraska
, p. 83 et al.

The Americans had:
Ibid., p. 106 et al.

There was:
McNaughton,
Nisei Linguists
, Kindle location 1648.

The Pearl:
JAH
, p. 224; Michi Nishiura Weglyn,
Years of Infamy: The Untold Story of America’s Concentration Camps
(New York: Morrow Quill, 1976), p. 153.