Inside the CIA (50 page)

32.
William Hood,
Mole
(W.W. Norton, 1982), p. 127.

33.
William Hood,
Mole
(W.W. Norton, 1982), p. 186.

34.
Oleg Penkovskiy,
The Penkovskiy Papers
(Doubleday & Co., 1965).

35.
Peter Wright,
Spy Catcher
(Viking, 1987), p. 208.

36.
Washington Post,
March 11, 1983, p. A-1.

37.
Associated Press, April 19, 1987. Sellers, on March 20, 1988, declined comment.

38.
Reuters, October 22, 1986.

39.
The Associated Press, April 19, 1977.

40.
See the author’s book
Escape from the CIA: How the KGB Won and Lost the Most Important KGB Spy Ever to Defect to the U.S.
(Pocket Books, 1991).

41.
Washington Post,
May 6, 1990, p. A-1.

42.
Interview on September 5, 1990, with Proctor.

43.
An authoritative account by Steven Emerson and Richard Rothschild in the September 12, 1988, issue of
U.S. News & World Report
reported Fawaz Younis’s intercepted conversation and many of the details of the CIA’s involvement in capturing him. These were confirmed in an interview on August 31, 1990, with Oliver (Buck) Revell, then associate deputy director of the FBI, who directed the arrest of Younis.

44.
Interviews on August 20, 1990, and on March 13, 1991, with Francis D. Carter, Younis’s lawyer.

45.
Washington Post,
June 27, 1991, p. A-1.

46.
Interview on August 31, 1991, with Revell.

47.
Tom Mangold,
Cold Warrior: James Jesus Angleton
(Simon & Schuster, 1991), pp. 340—44, and
Washington Post,
May 14, 1991.

48.
CIA memo from James Angleton to the FBI director on September 20, 1967.

49.
Recounted on page 336 of the Pocket Books edition of the author’s
Spy vs. Spy.
After the Soviets relinquished their control of Czechoslovakia, Koecher worked for the new Czech government but is now retired. Hana Koecher is working for a Czech firm that exports art to the West.

50.
Tom Mangold,
Cold Warrior: James Jesus Angleton
(Simon & Schuster, 1991), p. 317.

51.
An account of Shin Bet’s feat in obtaining Khrushchev’s secret speech is given by Yossi Melman and Dan Raviv in the
International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence,
Vol. 4, No. 2, p. 219.

52.
Webster’s meeting with reporters was May 31, 1991.

53.
Commission on CIA Activities within the United States (the Rockefeller Commission),
Report to the President
(Government Printing Office, 1976), pp. 173-89, 193.

54.
Thomas Powers,
The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms and the CIA
(Knopf, 1987), pp. 261, 267.

55.
William Colby and Peter Forbath,
Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA
(Simon & Schuster, 1978), p. 345.

56.
A subsequent report by Sheffield Edwards, director of the CIA’s Office of Security, on the administration of LSD to Frank Olson created confusion about whether Olson was told he would be given LSD prior to taking it on November 19, 1953. Edwards’s memo of November 29, 1953, says “it was decided to experiment with the drug LSD, and for the members present to administer the drugs to themselves to ascertain the effect a clandestine application would have on a meeting or conference.” But a January 29, 1975, CIA memo quotes a December 1,1953, memo from the CIA Inspector General’s office as stating that the individuals “were not told they had been given LSD until 20 minutes afterwards.”

According to page 227 of the Rockefeller Commission report: “Prior to receiving the LSD, the subject [Olson] had participated in discussions where the testing of such substances on unsuspecting subjects was agreed to in principle. However, this individual was not made aware that he had been given LSD until about 20 minutes after it had been administered.”

57.
CIA memo to DCI on December 18, 1953.

58.
Interview on August 17, 1990, with Colby.

59.
Thomas Powers’s
The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms and the CIA
(Knopf, 1987), on pages 276–78, includes an excellent description of the state of congressional oversight in the CIA’s early days.

60.
Interview on July 10, 1990, with Simmons.

61.
Interview on October 25, 1990, with Helms.

62.
Interview on October 25, 1990, with Helms.

63.
Interview on August 29, 1990, with Cord Meyer.

64.
Interview on July 11, 1990, with Bissell.

65.
Interview on July 11, 1990, with Bissell.

66.
Interview on May 10, 1990, with Bross.

67.
Interview on April 11, 1990, with Bowen.

68.
Interview on August 17, 1990, with Colby.

69.
Interview on September 5, 1990, with Proctor.

70.
Interview on June 10, 1990, with Simmons.

71.
William Colby and Peter Forbath,
Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA
(Simon & Schuster, 1978), p. 441.

72.
Interview on September 10, 1990, with Miller.

73.
Interview on May 15, 1990, with Saunders.

74.
Interview on September 28, 1990, with Polgar.

75.
Interview on December 18, 1990, with Gates.

76.
New York Times,
May 19, 1991, p. E-5.

77.
U.S. Congress,
Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair
(U.S. Government Printing Office, 1987), p. 379.

78.
Interview on June 10, 1990, with Simmons.

79.
Interview on May 1, 1991, with Shuster.

80.
Interview on July 11, 1990, with Bissell.

81.
Interview on September 7, 1990, with Bissell.

82.
Harold P. Ford,
Estimative Intelligence: The Purposes and Problems of National Intelligence Estimating
(Defense Intelligence College, 1989), p. 192, taken from David A. Brinkley and Andrew W. Hull’s
Estimative Intelligence
(Defense Intelligence School, 1979).

83.
Russell Jack Smith,
The Unknown CIA: My Three Decades with the Agency
(Pergamon-Brassey’s, 1989), p. 127.

84.
Michael R. Beschloss,
Mayday: Eisenhower, Khrushchev, and the U-2 Affair
(Harper & Row, 1986), p. 400.

85.
An excellent discussion of the National Reconnaissance Office appears in Jeffrey T. Richelson’s
The U.S. Intelligence Community
(Ballinger, 1989), pp. 26-29.

86.
Interview on August 24, 1990, with Lundahl.

87.
William E. Burrows,
Deep Black: Space Espionage and National Security
(Random House, 1986), p. 219.

88.
Interview on August 24, 1990, with Lundahl.

89.
Interview on August 24, 1990, with Lundahl.

90.
Interview on September 4, 1990, with Smith.

91.
William E. Burrows,
Deep Black: Space Espionage and National Security
(Random House, 1986), p. 149.

92.
Interview on August 24, 1990, with Lundanl.

93.
Adapted from a mock intelligence estimate presented in Harold P. Ford’s
Estimative Intelligence: The Purposes and Problems of National Intelligence Estimating
(Defense Intelligence College, 1989), pp. 3—6.

94.
Harold P. Ford,
Estimative Intelligence: The Purposes and Problems of National Intelligence Estimating
(Defense Intelligence College, 1989), p. 16.

95.
Interview on May 14, 1990, with Cline.

96.
Russell Jack Smith,
The Unknown CIA: My Three Decades with the Agency
(Pergamon-Brassey’s, 1989), p. 140.

97.
Harold P. Ford,
Estimative Intelligence: The Purposes and Problems of National Intelligence Estimating
(Defense Intelligence College, 1989), pp. 38, 86.

98.
Interview on September 5, 1990, with Proctor.

99.
Interview on September 5, 1990, with Proctor.

100.
Loch K. Johnson,
America’s Secret Power
(Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 85.

101.
Interview on December 27, 1990, with Turner.

102.
Russell Jack Smith,
The Unknown CIA: My Three Decades with the Agency
(Pergamon-Brassey’s, 1989), p. 54.

103.
Interview on April 11, 1990, with Bowen.

104.
Russell Jack Smith,
The Unknown CIA: My Three Decades with the Agency
(Pergamon-Brassey’s, 1989), p. 31.

105.
Interview on December 18, 1990, with Gates.

106.
New York Times,
June 13, 1991, p. A-1.

107.
Harold P. Ford,
Estimative Intelligence: The Purposes and Problems of National Intelligence Estimating
(Defense Intelligence College, 1989), p. 110.

108.
Peter S. Usowski, “John McCone and the Cuban Missile Crisis,”
International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence,
Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 555-58; and Lewis Sorley,
The Central Intelligence Agency: An Overview
(Association of Former Intelligence Officers, 1990), p. 46.

109.
Harold P. Ford,
Estimative Intelligence: The Purposes and Problems of National Intelligence Estimating
(Defense Intelligence College, 1989), p. 72.

110.
Loch K. Johnson,
America’s Secret Power
(Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 94.

111.
Abram N. Shulsky,
Silent Warfare: Understanding the World of Intelligence
(Pergamon-Brassey’s, 1991), p. 61.

112.
Ray S. Cline,
The CIA Under Reagan, Bush & Casey
(Acropolis Books, 1991), p. 223.

113.
Interview on September 28, 1990, with Polgar.

114.
Interview on September 4, 1990, with Smith.

115.
Thomas Powers,
The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms and the CIA
(Knopf, 1987), p. 243.

116.
Cord Meyer,
Facing Reality: From World Federalism to the CIA
(University Press of America, 1980), pp. 67-80.

117.
John Ranelagh,
The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA
(Touchstone, 1987), p. 239.

118.
Interview on August 9, 1990, with Meyer.

119.
Interview on August 8, 1991, with Sporkin.

120.
Interview on July 27, 1990, with Bross.

121.
Interview on August 9, 1990, with Meyer.

122.
Interview on September 3, 1990, with Fuller.

123.
Interview on August 15, 1990, with Whipple.

124.
Interview on October 5, 1990, with Inman.

125.
Interview on August 9, 1990, with Meyer.

126.
Interview on September 3, 1990, with Fuller.

127.
Interview on January 4, 1991, with Kerr.

128.
Interview on December 18, 1990, with Gates.

129.
Interview on January 4, 1991, with Kerr.

130.
CIA chart, “USSR: Comparison of CIA Estimates of Overall Growth with Official and Unofficial Soviet Estimates, 1928-1987.”

131.
Interviews on August 29, 1990, with Graham, and with CIA officials.

132.
William T. Lee,
Trends in Soviet Military Outlays and Economic Priorities 1970-1988
(July 30, 1990), p. 10.

133.
Interview on August 4, 1990, with Lee.

134.
Igor Birman,
Soviet Studies,
January 1980, p. 99.

135.
Washington Post,
October 27, 1980.

136.
Interview on July 30, 1990, with Birman.

137.
U.S. Congress, Joint Economic Committee study papers, November 23, 1987, p. 126.

138.
Anders Åslund in Henry S. Rowen and Charles Wolf, Jr.’s
The Impoverished Superpower: Perestroika and the Soviet Military Burden
(Institute for Contemporary Studies, 1990), p. 53.

139.
The Soviet Economy Stumbles Badly in 1989
(CIA, May 1990), p. v.

140.
New York Times,
April 27, 1990, p. A-35.

141.
Interview on August 20, 1990, with Bergson.

142.
Time,
November 5, 1990, p. 63.

143.
Interview on December 18, 1990, with Gates.

144.
Interview on January 4, 1990, with Kerr.

145.
New York Times,
July 13, 1991, p. A-1.

146.
Don Oberdorfer, “Missed Signals in the Middle East,”
Washington Post Magazine,
March 17, 1991, p. 40.

147.
Interview on June 23,1991, with Cannistraro; and
New York Times,
March 4, 1991, p. A-11.

148.
Dr. Post’s assessment of Saddam Hussein appeared on page 6 of the August 26, 1990,
Boston Sunday Herald.

149.
Washington Post,
January 11, 1990.

150.
The
Wall Street Journal’s
story on the CIA’s performance during the Gulf War, written by Walter S. Mossberg, appeared on page A-10 of the March 18, 1991, edition. Headlined, “U.S. Intelligence Agencies Triumphed in Gulf War Despite Some Weak Spots,” the story said, “In most respects, the Persian Gulf war was a triumph for the U.S. intelligence community.”

151.
Sun Tzu,
The Art of War
(Shambhala, 1988), p. 82.

152.
Washington Post,
March 18, 1991, p. A-16.

153.
The New Yorker,
June 24, 1991, p. 67.

154.
Interview on January 4, 1991, with Kerr.

155.
Interview on August 17, 1990, with Colby.