Inside the Kingdom (66 page)
Read Inside the Kingdom Online
Authors: Robert Lacey
Tags: #History, #Modern, #20th Century, #World, #Political Science, #General
Chapter 2: The Brothers
Chapter 3: Siege
Chapter 4: No Sunni, No Shia
Chapter 5: Vox populi, Vox Dei
Chapter 6: Salafi Soccer
15
flabby cooks:
John S. Habib,
Ibn Saud’s Warriors of Islam,
p. 140.
flabby cooks:
John S. Habib,
Ibn Saud’s Warriors of Islam,
p. 140.
15
“camel bags without handles”:
Almana, p. 103.
“camel bags without handles”:
Almana, p. 103.
16
cold-blooded:
Mohammed Almana, who was present at the battle, makes clear that Abdul Aziz gave orders for his machine-gunners to hold back and conceal themselves until they could fire with most lethal effect. Almana, pp. 103 ff.
cold-blooded:
Mohammed Almana, who was present at the battle, makes clear that Abdul Aziz gave orders for his machine-gunners to hold back and conceal themselves until they could fire with most lethal effect. Almana, pp. 103 ff.
16
“no further useful purpose”:
Harry St. John Philby,
Saudi Arabia,
p. 313. Harry Philby was the khawajah who took the first photo King Khaled could remember (see p. xix), and father of Kim Philby, the famous double agent.
“no further useful purpose”:
Harry St. John Philby,
Saudi Arabia,
p. 313. Harry Philby was the khawajah who took the first photo King Khaled could remember (see p. xix), and father of Kim Philby, the famous double agent.
16
“Never give up”:
Trofimov, p. 18.
“Never give up”:
Trofimov, p. 18.
16
fathered a son:
It was thought for many years that Juhayman’s grandfather Sayf fought with the Ikhwan at Sibillah, but Nasser Al-Huzaymi, speaking in November 2006, was adamant it was Juhayman’s father, Mohammed.
fathered a son:
It was thought for many years that Juhayman’s grandfather Sayf fought with the Ikhwan at Sibillah, but Nasser Al-Huzaymi, speaking in November 2006, was adamant it was Juhayman’s father, Mohammed.
17
car auctions of Jeddah:
Nasser Al-Huzaymi, interview with author, Riyadh, February 11, 2007.
car auctions of Jeddah:
Nasser Al-Huzaymi, interview with author, Riyadh, February 11, 2007.
17
“most of the money”:
Nasser Al-Huzaymi, interview with author, Riyadh, September 20, 2006.
“most of the money”:
Nasser Al-Huzaymi, interview with author, Riyadh, September 20, 2006.
17
“all released”:
Nasser Al-Huzaymi, interview with author, Riyadh, September 21, 2006.
“all released”:
Nasser Al-Huzaymi, interview with author, Riyadh, September 21, 2006.
17
“at the front”:
Nasser Al-Huzaymi, interview with author, Riyadh, November 19, 2006.
“at the front”:
Nasser Al-Huzaymi, interview with author, Riyadh, November 19, 2006.
17
Thirty of the Brothers:
Nasser Al-Huzaymi, interview with author, Riyadh, November 22, 2006.
Thirty of the Brothers:
Nasser Al-Huzaymi, interview with author, Riyadh, November 22, 2006.
17
friendly dentist:
Hegghammer and Lacroix, p. 104.
friendly dentist:
Hegghammer and Lacroix, p. 104.
18
“The Letters of Juhayman”:
See Hegghammer and Lacroix, pp. 104, 105, for a meticulous analysis of Juhayman’s letters, once thought to be only seven, and how they were published.
“The Letters of Juhayman”:
See Hegghammer and Lacroix, pp. 104, 105, for a meticulous analysis of Juhayman’s letters, once thought to be only seven, and how they were published.
18
“evil and corruption”:
Hegghammer and Lacroix, p. 105.
“evil and corruption”:
Hegghammer and Lacroix, p. 105.
18
“recited his thoughts”:
Nasser Al-Huzaymi, interview with author, Riyadh, February 11, 2007.
“recited his thoughts”:
Nasser Al-Huzaymi, interview with author, Riyadh, February 11, 2007.
18
“a bit kooky to me”:
Nabil Al-Khuwaiter, interview with author, Dhahran, January 17, 2008, and e-mail to the author, September 27, 2008.
“a bit kooky to me”:
Nabil Al-Khuwaiter, interview with author, Dhahran, January 17, 2008, and e-mail to the author, September 27, 2008.
19
“pious people in power”:
Ibid.
“pious people in power”:
Ibid.
19
“When kings enter a village”:
Koran, sura 19, verse 27.
“When kings enter a village”:
Koran, sura 19, verse 27.
20
the identity of the Mahdi:
Nasser Al-Huzaymi, interview with author, Riyadh, September 20, 11, 2006.
the identity of the Mahdi:
Nasser Al-Huzaymi, interview with author, Riyadh, September 20, 11, 2006.
20
reports of the angels:
Nasser Al-Huzaymi, interview with author, Riyadh, February 2007.
reports of the angels:
Nasser Al-Huzaymi, interview with author, Riyadh, February 2007.
21
slipped away:
Nasser Al-Huzaymi, interview with author, Riyadh, November 22, 2006.
slipped away:
Nasser Al-Huzaymi, interview with author, Riyadh, November 22, 2006.
21
“The fact that we dream”:
Nasser Al-Huzaymi, “The Dreams—from Happiness to Ego.”
Al-Riyadh
, September 6, 2004.
“The fact that we dream”:
Nasser Al-Huzaymi, “The Dreams—from Happiness to Ego.”
Al-Riyadh
, September 6, 2004.
23
“the Green One”:
Dr. Ali Saad Al-Mosa, interview with author, Abha, June 5, 2006.
“the Green One”:
Dr. Ali Saad Al-Mosa, interview with author, Abha, June 5, 2006.
24
King Khaled with horror:
Kingdom
interview, off-the-record, 1980.
King Khaled with horror:
Kingdom
interview, off-the-record, 1980.
24
in the 1960s:
Reluctant to take his elder brother’s place for some time, Khaled eventually bowed to family pressure and became crown prince in 1965.
in the 1960s:
Reluctant to take his elder brother’s place for some time, Khaled eventually bowed to family pressure and became crown prince in 1965.
25
“important issues in Tunis”:
Prince Turki Al-Faisal, interview with author, Riyadh, February 11, 2008.
“important issues in Tunis”:
Prince Turki Al-Faisal, interview with author, Riyadh, February 11, 2008.
25
driving a new Lamborghini:
Information from the prince’s co-driver.
driving a new Lamborghini:
Information from the prince’s co-driver.
25
bullet shattered the glass:
Trofimov, p. 86.
bullet shattered the glass:
Trofimov, p. 86.
26
by nine that morning:
Ibid., p. 79, based on an interview with an officer in the force.
by nine that morning:
Ibid., p. 79, based on an interview with an officer in the force.
26
escape from the Mosque:
Ibid., p. 74, based on the interviews subsequently given by Ibn Subayl.
escape from the Mosque:
Ibid., p. 74, based on the interviews subsequently given by Ibn Subayl.
27
an emergency fatwa:
Arab News
, November 26, 1979.
an emergency fatwa:
Arab News
, November 26, 1979.
27
a bullet had pierced his fuselage:
Mahdi Zawawi, interview with author, Jeddah, April 12, 2007.
a bullet had pierced his fuselage:
Mahdi Zawawi, interview with author, Jeddah, April 12, 2007.
28
“snipers up in the minarets”:
Khaled Al-Maeena, interview with author, Jeddah, July 10, 2006.
“snipers up in the minarets”:
Khaled Al-Maeena, interview with author, Jeddah, July 10, 2006.
28
in range of the minarets:
Girls’ interview, Jeddah, August 1, 2006.
in range of the minarets:
Girls’ interview, Jeddah, August 1, 2006.
28
“You’ll get us all killed!”:
Matooq Jannah, interview with author, Jeddah, December 9, 2006.
“You’ll get us all killed!”:
Matooq Jannah, interview with author, Jeddah, December 9, 2006.
28
sensed a business opportunity:
Hussein Ali Shobokshi, interview with author, Jeddah, January 22, 2007.
sensed a business opportunity:
Hussein Ali Shobokshi, interview with author, Jeddah, January 22, 2007.
29
Loss of life did not matter:
Trofimov, p. 132.
Loss of life did not matter:
Trofimov, p. 132.
29
had been swallowed up:
Abdul Aziz Qudheibi, “Al Riyadh Yaqaddem Qissat al-Qital fil Masjid al-Haram,”
Al-Riyadh
, December 12, 1979.
had been swallowed up:
Abdul Aziz Qudheibi, “Al Riyadh Yaqaddem Qissat al-Qital fil Masjid al-Haram,”
Al-Riyadh
, December 12, 1979.
30
the coming of the Mahdi:
Trofimov, p. 134.
the coming of the Mahdi:
Trofimov, p. 134.
30
“save the Holy House of God”:
Ibid., p. 120.
“save the Holy House of God”:
Ibid., p. 120.
30
“Do not fight with them”:
Koran sura 2, verse 191.
“Do not fight with them”:
Koran sura 2, verse 191.
31
“had been a pupil”:
Turki Al-Faisal, interview with author, Riyadh, February 11, 2008.
“had been a pupil”:
Turki Al-Faisal, interview with author, Riyadh, February 11, 2008.
31
“people intervened for their release”:
Interview with
Al-Safir,
Lebanon, translated by the official Saudi press agency (SPA) and published in
Arab News,
Jeddah, January 14, 1980.
“people intervened for their release”:
Interview with
Al-Safir,
Lebanon, translated by the official Saudi press agency (SPA) and published in
Arab News,
Jeddah, January 14, 1980.
31
“fighting inside the Sacred Mosque”:
Fatwa text as translated by the Saudi Press Agency,
Arab News
, November 26, 1979.
“fighting inside the Sacred Mosque”:
Fatwa text as translated by the Saudi Press Agency,
Arab News
, November 26, 1979.
31
“You have to surrender”:
Trofimov, p. 152.
“You have to surrender”:
Trofimov, p. 152.
32
proof of his mortality:
Ibid., p. 160.
proof of his mortality:
Ibid., p. 160.
33
“If my son is the Mahdi”:
Ibid., p. 166.
“If my son is the Mahdi”:
Ibid., p. 166.
33
aura of the evil:
Ibid., p. 162.
aura of the evil:
Ibid., p. 162.
33
death in sufficient concentrations:
Ibid., p. 192.
death in sufficient concentrations:
Ibid., p. 192.
34
helpless in their luxurious hotel:
The degree of help by the French has been the subject of much speculation and exaggeration. Yaroslav Trofimov deals with it well in chapters 21 and 23 of his comprehensive book,
The Siege of Mecca
.
helpless in their luxurious hotel:
The degree of help by the French has been the subject of much speculation and exaggeration. Yaroslav Trofimov deals with it well in chapters 21 and 23 of his comprehensive book,
The Siege of Mecca
.
34
“had the advantage”:
Turki Al-Faisal, Riyadh, interview with author, February 11, 2008.
“had the advantage”:
Turki Al-Faisal, Riyadh, interview with author, February 11, 2008.
34
oddly subdued reply:
Trofimov, p. 213.
oddly subdued reply:
Trofimov, p. 213.
34
rebel’s head:
Interview with confidant of King Fahd, Riyadh, November 17, 2008.
rebel’s head:
Interview with confidant of King Fahd, Riyadh, November 17, 2008.
35
“that’s Islamic?”:
Turki Al-Faisal, interview with author, Paris, September 2, 2006.
“that’s Islamic?”:
Turki Al-Faisal, interview with author, Paris, September 2, 2006.
35
“tribal way”:
This account is from one of the witnesses on the balcony.
“tribal way”:
This account is from one of the witnesses on the balcony.
37
loosened the purse strings:
Dr. Majid Al-Moneef, interview with author, Riyadh, November 18, 2008.
loosened the purse strings:
Dr. Majid Al-Moneef, interview with author, Riyadh, November 18, 2008.
37
“on camels’ milk”:
Prince Turki Al-Faisal related this story most recently in his address to the U.S.-Arab Policy Conference in Washington, DC, October 31, 2008.
“on camels’ milk”:
Prince Turki Al-Faisal related this story most recently in his address to the U.S.-Arab Policy Conference in Washington, DC, October 31, 2008.
38
“Yanbu and Jubail”:
Author interview with an associate of Fahd’s as crown prince, November 30, 2008.
“Yanbu and Jubail”:
Author interview with an associate of Fahd’s as crown prince, November 30, 2008.
38
ten elephants:
Off-the-record interview, London.
ten elephants:
Off-the-record interview, London.
39
anniversary of Ashura:
Ali Al-Marzouq, interview with author, Qateef, January 27, 2007.
anniversary of Ashura:
Ali Al-Marzouq, interview with author, Qateef, January 27, 2007.
39
Arabic for “tenth”:
From
Ashara
, the figure ten in Arabic.
Arabic for “tenth”:
From
Ashara
, the figure ten in Arabic.
39
five hundred thousand or so Shia Muslims:
The precise size of the Shia population, and other issues, is well discussed in Toby Craig Jones, “Rebellion on the Saudi Periphery: Modernity. Marginalization, and the Shia Uprising of 1979,”
International Journal of Middle East Studies
vol 38 (2006), p. 216.
five hundred thousand or so Shia Muslims:
The precise size of the Shia population, and other issues, is well discussed in Toby Craig Jones, “Rebellion on the Saudi Periphery: Modernity. Marginalization, and the Shia Uprising of 1979,”
International Journal of Middle East Studies
vol 38 (2006), p. 216.
40
“my brothers”:
Ali and Issa Al-Marzouq, interview with author, Al-Khobar, January 27, 2007.
“my brothers”:
Ali and Issa Al-Marzouq, interview with author, Al-Khobar, January 27, 2007.
41
“Ali as his master”:
Nasr, pp. 37, 38.
“Ali as his master”:
Nasr, pp. 37, 38.
42
“his Zulfiqar!”:
Ibid., p. 37.
“his Zulfiqar!”:
Ibid., p. 37.
42
“no authority except God”:
Aslan, p. 135.
“no authority except God”:
Aslan, p. 135.
43
barricade of death:
Ibid., pp. 172, 173.
barricade of death:
Ibid., pp. 172, 173.
43
sentence of death:
Sheikh Ahmed bin Hajar al-Tami,
Sheikh Mohammed ibn Abdul Wahhab, His Fundamental Belief and Reformist Call and the Ulama, Praise Be Upon Him
(Riyadh, 1999), p. 79, cited in Ibrahim, p. 23.
sentence of death:
Sheikh Ahmed bin Hajar al-Tami,
Sheikh Mohammed ibn Abdul Wahhab, His Fundamental Belief and Reformist Call and the Ulama, Praise Be Upon Him
(Riyadh, 1999), p. 79, cited in Ibrahim, p. 23.
43
destroyed the tomb of Husayn:
Ibn Bishr,
The Landmark of Glorification in the History of Nejd
(Riyadh, 1982), vol. 1, pp. 121-22, cited in Ibrahim, p. 23.
destroyed the tomb of Husayn:
Ibn Bishr,
The Landmark of Glorification in the History of Nejd
(Riyadh, 1982), vol. 1, pp. 121-22, cited in Ibrahim, p. 23.
43
Sunni foreman:
Ben Dyal, interview with author, January 22, 2008.
Sunni foreman:
Ben Dyal, interview with author, January 22, 2008.
43
cow straddling:
The cartoonist, Ali Al-Kharji, went to prison for his pains. Ahmed Al-Ajaji, interview with author, November 14, 2008.
cow straddling:
The cartoonist, Ali Al-Kharji, went to prison for his pains. Ahmed Al-Ajaji, interview with author, November 14, 2008.
44
got the point:
Ibrahim, p. 98.
got the point:
Ibrahim, p. 98.
44
“criminal Al-Saud”:
Quoted in Toby Craig Jones, “Rebellion on the Saudi Periphery: Modernity, Marginalization, and the Shia Uprising of 1979,”
International Journal of Middle East Studies
38 (2006), p. 218.
“criminal Al-Saud”:
Quoted in Toby Craig Jones, “Rebellion on the Saudi Periphery: Modernity, Marginalization, and the Shia Uprising of 1979,”
International Journal of Middle East Studies
38 (2006), p. 218.
45
“so much blood”:
Ali and Issa Al-Marzouq, interview with author, Al-Khobar, January 27, 2007.
“so much blood”:
Ali and Issa Al-Marzouq, interview with author, Al-Khobar, January 27, 2007.
45
“remained empty”:
Jon P. Parssinen, interview with author, Al-Khobar, January 15, 2008.
“remained empty”:
Jon P. Parssinen, interview with author, Al-Khobar, January 15, 2008.
45
killed in the riots:
Ibrahim, p. 120.
killed in the riots:
Ibrahim, p. 120.
45
burned:
Toby Craig Jones, “Rebellion on the Saudi Periphery.”
burned:
Toby Craig Jones, “Rebellion on the Saudi Periphery.”
45
ransacked:
Clive Morgan, e-mail to author, November 2, 2008.
ransacked:
Clive Morgan, e-mail to author, November 2, 2008.
45
“Vietnam War”:
Ibid.
“Vietnam War”:
Ibid.
45
ayatollahs’take:
Bronson, p. 147.
ayatollahs’take:
Bronson, p. 147.
45
“not want you! ”:
Toby Craig Jones, “Rebellion on the Saudi Periphery.”
“not want you! ”:
Toby Craig Jones, “Rebellion on the Saudi Periphery.”
46
“national opinion survey”:
Quoted in the introduction to Al-Nadwah,
When Sense Is Dying
(Riyadh, 1980).
“national opinion survey”:
Quoted in the introduction to Al-Nadwah,
When Sense Is Dying
(Riyadh, 1980).
46
talking about the Shah:
Adnan Khashoggi, interview with author, Riyadh, March 2007.
talking about the Shah:
Adnan Khashoggi, interview with author, Riyadh, March 2007.
47
power of religion:
Ironically, Saudi Arabia had contributed to Iran’s economic woes by increasing oil production in 1977, thus sabotaging an oil price increase on which the Shah had been depending. Andrew Scott Cooper, “Showdown at Doha: The Secret Oil Deal That Helped Sink the Shah of Iran,”
Middle East Journal
62, no. 4 (Autumn 2008), p. 567.
power of religion:
Ironically, Saudi Arabia had contributed to Iran’s economic woes by increasing oil production in 1977, thus sabotaging an oil price increase on which the Shah had been depending. Andrew Scott Cooper, “Showdown at Doha: The Secret Oil Deal That Helped Sink the Shah of Iran,”
Middle East Journal
62, no. 4 (Autumn 2008), p. 567.
47
“God’s punishment to us”:
Interview with a member of the royal family who prefers not to be named.
“God’s punishment to us”:
Interview with a member of the royal family who prefers not to be named.
48
Council of Ministers:
Reported to the author by a minister of the time, Jeddah, November 30, 2008.
Council of Ministers:
Reported to the author by a minister of the time, Jeddah, November 30, 2008.
48
“must move gradually”:
Interview with
Al-Safir
, Beirut, January 9, 1980, cited in Middle East Economic Survey (MEES), vol. 23, no. 14, January 21, 1980.
“must move gradually”:
Interview with
Al-Safir
, Beirut, January 9, 1980, cited in Middle East Economic Survey (MEES), vol. 23, no. 14, January 21, 1980.
48
a committee to reexamine:
MEES, vol. 23, no. 23 (March 24, 1980).
a committee to reexamine:
MEES, vol. 23, no. 23 (March 24, 1980).
48
“no coming back”:
Reported to the author by a close associate of the committee member, who is now deceased.
“no coming back”:
Reported to the author by a close associate of the committee member, who is now deceased.
49
“four cinemas in Jeddah”:
“The first was behind the house of Zainal at the Al-Nahda Hotel in Balad. There was the Abu Safiya Cinema in Hindawiya, another opened by Fouad Jamjoom and Khalil Baghdadi in Ammariya and the Al-Attas Hotel Cinema in Obhur.”
Arab News
, October 25, 2007 (Shawwal 14, 1428). “The Importance of Preserving Tolerance in Jeddah,” by Mahmoud Abdul Ghani Sabbagh.
“four cinemas in Jeddah”:
“The first was behind the house of Zainal at the Al-Nahda Hotel in Balad. There was the Abu Safiya Cinema in Hindawiya, another opened by Fouad Jamjoom and Khalil Baghdadi in Ammariya and the Al-Attas Hotel Cinema in Obhur.”
Arab News
, October 25, 2007 (Shawwal 14, 1428). “The Importance of Preserving Tolerance in Jeddah,” by Mahmoud Abdul Ghani Sabbagh.
49
“reading the news”:
Samar Fatany, interview with author, Jeddah, March 5, 2006.
“reading the news”:
Samar Fatany, interview with author, Jeddah, March 5, 2006.
49
combative Ikhwan:
For details of the Njedi and Wahhabi assimilation of Jeddah, see William Ochsenwald’s chapter, “The Annexation of the Hijaz,” in Ayoob and Kosebalaban,
Religion and Politics in Saudi Arabia: Wahhabism and the State
, pp. 75 ff.
combative Ikhwan:
For details of the Njedi and Wahhabi assimilation of Jeddah, see William Ochsenwald’s chapter, “The Annexation of the Hijaz,” in Ayoob and Kosebalaban,
Religion and Politics in Saudi Arabia: Wahhabism and the State
, pp. 75 ff.
49
“poor dears”:
Sami Nawar, interview with author, Jeddah, February 16, 2006.
“poor dears”:
Sami Nawar, interview with author, Jeddah, February 16, 2006.
49
“No more Valentine’s”:
Dr. Enam Abdul Wahhab Ghazzi, interview with author, Jeddah, October 31, 2006.
“No more Valentine’s”:
Dr. Enam Abdul Wahhab Ghazzi, interview with author, Jeddah, October 31, 2006.
50
“going to hell”:
Mahdi Al-Asfour, interview with author, Qateef, February 20, 2006.
“going to hell”:
Mahdi Al-Asfour, interview with author, Qateef, February 20, 2006.
50
judged inappropriate:
E-mail from Jon S. Parssinen, April 20, 2008.
judged inappropriate:
E-mail from Jon S. Parssinen, April 20, 2008.
50
“copies after class”:
Jon P. Parssinen, interview with author, Al-Khobar, January 15, 2008.
“copies after class”:
Jon P. Parssinen, interview with author, Al-Khobar, January 15, 2008.
50
vanished very early:
Hassan Al-Husseini, interview with author, Al-Khobar, January 15, 2008.
vanished very early:
Hassan Al-Husseini, interview with author, Al-Khobar, January 15, 2008.
50
Koran by heart:
Mohammed Al-Rasheed, interview with author, Riyadh, September 20, 2006.
Koran by heart:
Mohammed Al-Rasheed, interview with author, Riyadh, September 20, 2006.
51
“ ‘fanatics with eyes’ ”:
Off-the-record interview with author, Jeddah, April 3, 2007.
“ ‘fanatics with eyes’ ”:
Off-the-record interview with author, Jeddah, April 3, 2007.
51
“misleaders of men”:
Ibid.
“misleaders of men”:
Ibid.
51
in the fire:
Ben Dyal, interview with author, Jeddah, September 14, 2007.
in the fire:
Ben Dyal, interview with author, Jeddah, September 14, 2007.
52
“go to the mosque”:
Abdullah Masry, interview with author, London, July 22, 2007.
“go to the mosque”:
Abdullah Masry, interview with author, London, July 22, 2007.
53
singing songs:
Mahmoud Abdul Ghani Sabbagh,
Arab News
, October 25, 2007 (Shawwal 14, 1428).
singing songs:
Mahmoud Abdul Ghani Sabbagh,
Arab News
, October 25, 2007 (Shawwal 14, 1428).
53
“my wife was my wife”:
Khaled Al-Maeena, interview with author, Jeddah, March 5, 2006.
“my wife was my wife”:
Khaled Al-Maeena, interview with author, Jeddah, March 5, 2006.
54
degenerate Western culture:
Hala Al-Houti, interview with author, Jeddah, April 4, 2006.
degenerate Western culture:
Hala Al-Houti, interview with author, Jeddah, April 4, 2006.
55
“straight path”:
Koran, sura 1 verse 6.
“straight path”:
Koran, sura 1 verse 6.
55
“thirsty lips”:
Amrika allati Raaytu
(“America That I Saw”) quoted on
http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/milestones_Qutub.html#footnote_16
.
“thirsty lips”:
Amrika allati Raaytu
(“America That I Saw”) quoted on
http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/milestones_Qutub.html#footnote_16
.
56
“Westoxification”:
Reza Aslan credits this word,
Gharbzadegi,
to the Iranian social critic Jalal Al-e-Ahmad: Aslan, p. 238.
“Westoxification”:
Reza Aslan credits this word,
Gharbzadegi,
to the Iranian social critic Jalal Al-e-Ahmad: Aslan, p. 238.
56
“behavior like animals”:
Qutub, p. 119.
“behavior like animals”:
Qutub, p. 119.
56
“Islam . . . is the answer”:
Ibid., p. 32.
“Islam . . . is the answer”:
Ibid., p. 32.
56
“Islamic way of life”:
Ibid., pp. 21, 62, 71.
“Islamic way of life”:
Ibid., pp. 21, 62, 71.
56
perfect Islamic state:
Jamal Khashoggi, interview with author, Jeddah, April 10, 2008.
perfect Islamic state:
Jamal Khashoggi, interview with author, Jeddah, April 10, 2008.
56
challenge the establishment:
I am grateful to Abdullah Al-Muallimi for his analysis of these points.
challenge the establishment:
I am grateful to Abdullah Al-Muallimi for his analysis of these points.
57
“mosque was full”:
Jamal Khashoggi, interview with author, Jeddah, September 7, 2008.
“mosque was full”:
Jamal Khashoggi, interview with author, Jeddah, September 7, 2008.
57
football enthusiast:
Khaled Batarfi, interview with author, Jeddah, September 23, 2006.
football enthusiast:
Khaled Batarfi, interview with author, Jeddah, September 23, 2006.
58
trachoma:
Information from one of the grandsons of Abdul Aziz.
trachoma:
Information from one of the grandsons of Abdul Aziz.
58
lost his eye:
Information from one of the sons of Mohammed Bin Laden.
lost his eye:
Information from one of the sons of Mohammed Bin Laden.
59
director of public works:
In the 1940s, departments like Public Works and Agriculture that later became ministries operated as departments of the Ministry of Finance.
director of public works:
In the 1940s, departments like Public Works and Agriculture that later became ministries operated as departments of the Ministry of Finance.
59
“Then behead them”:
This remark has been quoted in several versions by several sources. See, for example, Trofimov, p. 162.
“Then behead them”:
This remark has been quoted in several versions by several sources. See, for example, Trofimov, p. 162.
59
“seize the holiest place”:
Khaled Batarfi, interview with author, Jeddah, September 23, 2006
“seize the holiest place”:
Khaled Batarfi, interview with author, Jeddah, September 23, 2006
59
no evidence:
Jamal Khashoggi, interview with author, Jeddah, September 7, 2008.
no evidence:
Jamal Khashoggi, interview with author, Jeddah, September 7, 2008.
60
Bin Laden construction company:
From the SBG (Saudi Binladin Group) website, before its removal from the Internet after September 11, 2001. Bergen,
The Osama Bin Laden I Know
, pp. 152, 153.
Bin Laden construction company:
From the SBG (Saudi Binladin Group) website, before its removal from the Internet after September 11, 2001. Bergen,
The Osama Bin Laden I Know
, pp. 152, 153.
60
separateness:
Osama did have half sisters through his mother’s second marriage.
separateness:
Osama did have half sisters through his mother’s second marriage.
61
“liberated in that home!”:
Interview with a member of the Al-Thagr School group who prefers not to be named, Jeddah, November 15, 2006.
“liberated in that home!”:
Interview with a member of the Al-Thagr School group who prefers not to be named, Jeddah, November 15, 2006.
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