Intellectuals and Race (29 page)

24
.   Mahathir bin Mohamad,
The Malay Dilemma
(Singapore: Asia Pacific Press, 1970), p. 25.

25
.   Myron Weiner,
Sons of the Soil: Migration and Ethnic Conflict in India
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978), p. 250.

26
.   John A. A. Ayoade, “Ethnic Management of the 1979 Nigerian Constitution,”
Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism,
Spring 1987, p. 127.

27
.   “America Can’t Be Colorblind Yet,”
New York Times
, June 10, 1981, p. A30.

28
.   U.S. Bureau of the Census,
Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1957
(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1960), p. 72.

29
.   Richard Vedder and Lowell Galloway, “Declining Black Employment,”
Society
, July-August 1993, p. 57.

30
.   Walter Williams,
Race & Economics: How Much Can Be Blamed on Discrimination?
(Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 2011), p. 42.

31
.   Ibid.

32
.   Ibid., pp. 33–34.

33
.   Charles H. Young and Helen R.Y. Reid,
The Japanese Canadians
(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1938), p. 49; Merle Lipton,
Capitalism and Apartheid: South Africa, 1910–84
(Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman & Allanheld, 1985), pp. 19–20; George M. Fredrickson,
White Supremacy: A Comparative Study in American and South African History
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), p. 233.

34
.   “A Divided Self: A Survey of France,”
The Economist
, November 16, 2002, p. 11; Holman W. Jenkins, Jr., “Shall We Eat Our Young?”
Wall Street Journal,
January 19, 2005, p. A13; Nelson D. Schwartz, “Young, Down and Out in Europe,”
New York Times
, January 1, 2010, pp. B1, B4.

35
.   See, for example, Gilbert Osofsky,
Harlem: The Making of a Ghetto
(New York: Harper and Row, 1966), p. 12; David Katzman,
Before the Ghetto: Black Detroit in the Nineteenth Century
(Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1973), pp. 35, 37, 102, 138, 139, 160; W.E.B. Du Bois,
The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study
(New York: Schocken Books, 1967), p. 7; Constance McLaughlin Green,
The Secret City: A History of Race Relations in the Nation’s Capital
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967), p. 127; St. Clair Drake and Horace R. Cayton,
Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City
(New York: Harper & Row, 1962), Vol. I, pp. 44–45, 176n; Allan H. Spear,
Black Chicago: The Making of a Negro Ghetto, 1890–1920
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), Chapter 1; Reynolds Farley, et al.,
Detroit Divided
(New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2000), pp. 145–146; Oliver Zunz,
The Changing Face of Inequality: Urbanization, Industrial Development, and Immigrants in Detroit, 1880–1920
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), p. 353; Willard B. Gatewood,
Aristocrats of Color: The Black Elite, 1880–1920
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990), pp. 119, 125.

36
.   W.E.B. Du Bois,
The Philadelphia Negro
, pp. 41–42, 305–306.

37
.   Jacob Riis,
How the Other Half Lives: Studies among the Tenements of New York
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970), p. 99; David Katzman,
Before the Ghetto
, pp. 35, 37, 102, 138, 139, 160; St. Clair Drake and Horace
R. Cayton,
Black Metropolis,
Vol. I, pp. 44–45; Willard B. Gatewood,
Aristocrats of Color
, pp. 119, 125.

38
.   Edward Glaeser and Jacob Vigdor, “The End of The Segregated Century: Racial Separation in America’s Neighborhoods, 1890–2010,”
Civic Report
, No. 66 (January 2012), pp. 3–4.

39
.   David Katzman,
Before the Ghetto,
pp. 35, 37, 102, 138, 139, 160; St. Clair Drake and Horace R. Cayton,
Black Metropolis
, Vol. I, pp. 44–45.

40
.   Oscar Handlin,
The Newcomers: Negroes and Puerto Ricans in a Changing Metropolis
(New York: Anchor Books, 1962), p. 46.

41
.   Jacob Riis,
How the Other Half Lives
, p. 99.

42
.   W.E.B. Du Bois,
The Philadelphia Negro
, pp. 33–36, 119–121.

43
.   E. Franklin Frazier,
The Negro in the United States
, revised edition (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1957), p. 405.

44
.   St. Clair Drake and Horace R. Cayton,
Black Metropolis,
Vol. I, p. 176n. See also Allan H. Spear,
Black Chicago
, Chapter 1.

45
.   See the title article in my
Black Rednecks and White Liberals
(San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2005).

46
.   W.E.B. Du Bois,
The Black North in 1901: A Social Study
(New York: Arno Press, 1969), p. 39.

47
.   Gilbert Osofsky,
Harlem,
pp. 43–44.

48
.   E. Franklin Frazier,
The Negro in the United States
, revised edition, p. 643.

49
.   Ibid., p. 630.

50
.   Gunnar Myrdal,
An American Dilemma
, p. 965.

51
.   See, for example, Willard B. Gatewood,
Aristocrats of Color
, pp. 186–187, 332; Allan H. Spear,
Black Chicago
, p. 168; E. Franklin Frazier,
The Negro in the United States
, revised edition, pp. 284–285; Florette Henri,
Black Migration: Movement North, 1900–1920
(Garden City, New York: Anchor Press, 1975), pp. 96–97; Gilbert Osofsky,
Harlem
, pp. 43–44; Ivan H. Light,
Ethnic Enterprise in America
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972), Figure 1 (after p. 100); W.E.B. Du Bois,
The Black North in 1901
, p. 25.

52
.   Willard B. Gatewood,
Aristocrats of Color
, pp. 65, 250; E. Franklin Frazier,
The Negro in the United States
, revised edition, pp. 250–251, 441; Davison M. Douglas,
Jim Crow Moves North: The Battle over Northern School Segregation, 1865–1954
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 137–153.

53
.   Douglas Henry Daniels,
Pioneer Urbanites: A Social and Cultural History of Black San Francisco
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980), pp. 171–173; E. Franklin Frazier,
The Negro in the United States
, revised edition, pp. 270–271.

54
.   See, for example, Isabel Wilkerson,
The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America’s Great Migration
(New York: Random House, 2010), p. 291; Irving Howe,
World of Our Fathers
(New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976), pp. 229–230.

55
.   Irving Howe,
World of Our Fathers
, pp. 229, 230. Similar patterns existed in Australia in the 1930s. Hilary Rubinstein,
Chosen: The Jews in Australia
(Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1987), p. 177.

56
.   Isabel Wilkerson,
The Warmth of Other Suns
, p. 291.

57
.   Michael Tobias, “Dialectical Dreaming: The Western Perception of Mountain People,”
Mountain People
, edited by Michael Tobias (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986), p. 191.

58
.   James M. McPherson, “Deconstructing Affirmative Action,”
Perspectives
(American Historical Association), April 2003, online edition.

59
.   Ibid.

60
.   
United Steelworkers of America, AFL-CIO-CLC v. Weber
, 443 U.S. (1979), at 212.

61
.   
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
, 438 U.S. (1978), at 265, 365–366.

62
.   Ibid., at 374 n.58.

Chapter 7: Race and Cosmic Justice

1
.     Andrew Hacker,
Two Nations: Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal
(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1992), p. 53.

2
.     Ibid., pp. xi, 19, 27.

3
.     Ibid., p. 29.

4
.     Ibid., p. 51.

5
.     Ibid., p. 23.

6
.     Gunnar Myrdal,
An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy
(New York: Harper & Brothers 1944), p. 964.

7
.     Tom Wicker, “The Worst Fear,”
New York Times,
April 28, 1989, p. A39.

8
.     Susannah Meadows and Evan Thomas, “What Happened At Duke?”
Newsweek
, May 1, 2006, p. 51.

9
.   Meg Jones, “Flynn Calls Looting, Beatings in Riverwest Barbaric,”
Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
, July 6, 2011, pp. A1 ff.

10
.   See, for example, Ian Urbina, “Mobs Are Born as Word Grows By Text Message,”
New York Times
, March 25, 2010, p. A1; Kirk Mitchell, “Attacks Change Lives on All Sides,”
Denver Post
, December 6, 2009, pp. A1 ff; Alan Gathright, 7News Content Producer, “Black Gangs Vented Hatred for Whites in Downtown Attacks,”
The DenverChannel.com
, December 5, 2009; Meg Jones, “Flynn Calls Looting, Beatings in Riverwest Barbaric,”
Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
, July 6, 2011, pp. A1 ff; Mareesa Nicosia, “Four Skidmore College Students Charged in Assault; One Charged with Felony Hate Crime,”
The Saratogian
(online), December 22, 2010; “Concealing Black Hate Crimes,”
Investor’s Business Daily
, August 15, 2011, p. A16; Joseph A. Slobodzian, “West Philly Man Pleads Guilty to ‘Flash Mob’ Assault,”
Philadelphia Inquirer
, June 21, 2011, pp. B1 ff; Alfred Lubrano, “What’s Behind ‘Flash Mobs’?”
Philadelphia Inquirer
, March 28, 2010, pp. A1 ff; Stephanie Farr, “‘Geezer’ Won’t Let Thugs Ruin His Walks,”
Philadelphia Daily News
, October 20, 2011, Local section, p. 26; Barry Paddock and John Lauinger, “Subway Gang Attack,”
New York Daily News
, July 18, 2011, News, p. 3.

11
.   Steve Chapman, “Race and the ‘Flash Mob’ Attacks,”
Chicago Tribune
, June 8, 2011 (online).

12
.   Daniel J. Losen, Executive Summary, “Discipline Policies, Successful Schools, and Racial Justice,” National Education Policy Center, School of Education, University of Colorado Boulder, October 2011.

13
.   David D. Cole, “Can Our Shameful Prisons Be Reformed?”
New York Review of Books
, November 19, 2009, p. 41.

14
.   Ibid.

15
.   Ibid.

16
.   Ibid.

17
.   See, for example, Theodore Dalrymple,
Life at the Bottom: The Worldview That Makes the Underclass
(Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2001), p. 69.

18
.   “Historical Poverty Tables: Table 4,” U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements. Downloaded June 29, 2007 from:
http://www.census.govhhes/www/poverty/histpov/hstpov4.html.

19
.   Martin A. Klein, “Introduction,”
Breaking the Chains: Slavery, Bondage, and Emancipation in Modern Africa and Asia
, edited by Martin A. Klein (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993), pp. 19, 20. As of 1840, there were still more slaves in India than those emancipated by the British in the Caribbean. David Brion Davis,
The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution 1770–1823
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1975), p. 63.

20
.   Martin A. Klein, “Introduction,”
Breaking the Chains
, edited by Martin A. Klein, p. 8.

21
.   Ibid., p. 11.

22
.   John Stuart Mill, “Considerations on Representative Government,”
Collected Works of John Stuart Mill,
Vol. XIX:
Essays on Politics and Society
, edited by J.M. Robson (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1977), p. 395.

23
.   Abraham Lincoln to Albert G. Hodges, April 4, 1864, reprinted in
The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln
, edited by Roy P. Basler (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1953), Vol. VII, p. 281.

24
.   Kevin Bales, “The Social Psychology of Modern Slavery,”
Scientific American
, April 2002, pp. 80–88.

25
.   Orlando Patterson,
Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982), pp. 406–407; W. Montgomery Watt,
The Influence of Islam on Medieval Europe
(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1972), p. 19; Bernard Lewis,
Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 11; Daniel Evans, “Slave Coast of Europe,”
Slavery & Abolition
, Vol. 6, Number 1 (May 1985), p. 53, note 3; William D. Phillips, Jr.,
Slavery from Roman Times to the Early Transatlantic Trade
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1985), p. 57.

26
.   Robert C. Davis,
Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500–1800
(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), p. 23; Philip D. Curtin,
The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census
(Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969), pp. 72, 75, 87.

27
.   Daniel J. Boorstin,
The Americans
, Vol. II:
The National Experience
(New York: Random House, 1965), p. 203.

28
.   Alexis de Tocqueville,
Democracy in America
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1966), Vol. I, p. 365; Frederick Law Olmsted,
The Cotton Kingdom: A Traveller’s
Observations on Cotton and Slavery in the American Slave States
, edited by Arthur M. Schlesinger (New York: Modern Library, 1969), pp. 476n, 614–622; Hinton Rowan Helper,
The Impending Crisis of the South: How to Meet It
, enlarged edition (New York: A. B. Burdick, 1860), p. 34.