Council on Foreign Relations Independent Task Force (Making Intelligence Smarter: The Future of U.S. Intelligence), 1996.
Recommended improvements in the requirements and priorities process; less emphasis on long-term estimates on familiar topics and broad trends; greater use of open sources; increased influence of the DCI over intelligence components; and creation of an intelligence reserve.
Hart-Rudman Commission (U.S. Commission on National Security, Twenty-first Century), 2001.
Recommended, in Phase II of the study, that the National Intelligence Council devote resources to the issues of homeland security and asymmetric threats; the NSC should establish a strategic planning staff, one of whose roles would be to establish national intelligence priorities; the DCI should emphasize recruitment of HUMINT sources on terrorism; and the intelligence community should place new emphasis on collection and analysis of economic and scientific and technologic security concerns and should make greater use of open-source intelligence, with budget increases for these activities.
9/11 Commission (National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States), 2004.
Some recommendations were enacted into law in 2004, primarily the supplanting of the DCI with a DNI not tied to any agency and the creation of a National Counterterrorism Center, which President George W. Bush already had under way. Also recommended that all analytic efforts be organized by topical centers and that the Defense Department be responsible for all paramilitary operations.
WMD Commission (Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction), 2005.
Formed to investigate intelligence performance on Iraqi weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) and other issues. Recommended that the DNI create mission managers to be responsible for all aspects of intelligence on high-priority issues; a more integrated collection enterprise; a National Counterproliferation Center to coordinate collection and analysis for counterproliferation; an Open Source Directorate at CIA; and a new national security service within the Federal Bureau of Investigation that would include counterintelligence, counterterrorism, and intelligence activities. In June 2005, President George W. Bush accepted seventy of the seventy-four recommendations.
Author Index
Note: This index lists the names from FURTHER READINGS at the end of each chapter.
Adams, Sam
Adler, Emanuel
Aguilar, Louis
Aid, Matthew M.
Albats, Yevgenia
Albini, Joseph L.
Aldrich, Richard W.
Ambrose, Stephen E.
Anderson, Julie
Andrew, Christopher
Baker, James E.
Baker, John C.
Bamford, James
Barrett, David M.
Barry, James A.
Bearden, Milt
Bell, J. Dwyer
Bennett, Michael
Benson, Robert Louis
Berkowitz, Bruce D.
Best, Richard A., Jr.
Betts, Richard K.
Bissell, Richard M.
Black, Ian
Blight, James G.
Brownell, George A.
Bruce, James B.
Brugioni, Dino
Burgstaller, Eugen E
Burrows, William
Burton, Donald E
Caldwell, George
Carter, Ashton B.
Chomeau, John B.
Cilluffo, Frank J.
Clark, J. Ransom
Clark, Robert M.
Cohen, William S.
Colby, William E.
Coleman, John
Colton, David Everett
Conner, William E.
Cooper, Jeffrey R
Cradock, Percy
Cumming, Alfred
Currie, James
Daugherty, William J.
David, Jack
Davies, Philip H. J.
Davis, Christopher M.
Davis, Jack
Day, Dwayne
Dearth, Douglas H.
Deutch, John M.
Doyle, Charles
Draper, Theodore
Eberstadt, Ferdinand
Eftimiades, Nicholas
Elkins, Dan
Erskine, Tom
Firth, Noel E.
Forbath, Peter
Ford, Harold
Fort, Randall M.
Freedman, Lawrence
Garthoff, Douglas J.
Gates, Robert M.
Gazit, Shlomo
George, Roger Z.
Gilligan, Tom
Glees, Anthony
Godfrey, E. Drexel
Godson, Roy
Goodden, R. Thomas
Goodman, Allan E.
Gordievsky, Oleg
Grimmett, Richard F
Gumina, Paul
Halevy, Efraim
Halpern, Samuel
Hamilton, Lee
Hansen, James
Helms, Richard
Herman, Michael
Hersh, Seymour
Heuer, Richards J.
Heymann, Hans
Hilsman, Roger
Hitz, Frederick P
Hood, William
Houston, Lawrence R.
Hughes, Thomas L.
Hulnick, Arthur S.
Immerman, Richard H.
Jackson, Peter
Jackson, William R.
Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri
Johnson, Loch K.
Johnson, William R.
Johnston, Paul
Kahana, EFraim
Kahn, David
Katz, Samuel M.
Kent, Sherman
Klass, Philip
Kline, Roger D.
Knight, Amy
Knorr, Klaus
Knott, Stephen F
Koch, Sccrtt A.
Kornbluh, Peter
Kovacs, Amos
Krizan, Liza
Laqueur, Walter
Latimer, Thomas K.
Lauren, Paul Gordon
Lee, William T.
Levinson, Sanford
Lewis, Jonathan E.
Lindgren, David T.
Loch, Jonathan
Lockwood, Jonathan S.
Lowenthal, Mark M.
MacEachin, Douglas J.
Mann, Thomas E.
Marks, Ronald A.
Masse, Todd
Masterman, J. C.
Masters, Barrie P
Maurer, Alfred C.
McAuliffe, Mary S.
McConnell, Mike
McCort, Robert E
Melman, Yossi
Mercado, Stephen C.
Montague, Ludwell Lee
Morris, Benny
Morrison, John N. L.
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick
Nolan, James
Nolte, William
Nye, Joseph S.
O’Connell, Kevin
Peebles, Christopher
Persico, Joseph
Pfaltzgraff, Robert L., Jr.
Phillips, David Atlee
Pickert, Perry L.
Pickett, George
Pipes, Richard
Porch, Douglas
Posner, Richard A.
Poteat, Eugene
Powers, Thomas
Prados, John
Price, Victoria
Pudlo, Frances T
Quinn, James L., Jr.
Ranelagh, John
Raviv, Dan
Reich, Robert C.
Reisman, W Michael
Richelson, Jeffrey T.
Rieber, Steven
Rindskopf, Elizabeth
Risen, James
Rollins, John
Rositzke, Harry
Ruffner, Kevin C
Salmoiraghi, George C.
Scheid, Kevin J.
Schmitt, Gary J.
Scott, Len
Shulman, Seth
Shulsky, Abram N.
Simmons, Robert Ruhl
Sims, Jennifer
Smist, Frank J., Jr.
Smith, Michael
Snider. Britt
Sorel, Albert
Stack, Kevin P
Steiner, James E.
Steury. Donald P
Stiefler, Todd
Taubman, Philip
Tenet, George
Thomas, Gordon
Thomas, Ronald C. Jr.
Thomas, Stafford T.
Thompson, Clive
Treverton, Gregory F