Iran's Deadly Ambition (30 page)

38
.
   
Joshua Kucera, “Rouhani Visits Baku as Azerbaijan-Iran Conflicts Fade into Past,”
Eurasianet.org
, November 16, 2014,
http://www.eurasianet.org/node/70946
.

39
.
   
Mubariz Aslanov, “Azerbaijani-Iranian Joint Declaration on Friendship and Cooperation Approved,” APA (Baku), December 30, 2014,
http://en.apa.az/xeber_azerbaijani-iranian_joint_declaration_on_221100.html
.

40
.
   
U.S. Department of the Treasury, “Treasury Targets Network Attempting to Evade Iran Sanctions,” April 11, 2013,
http://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl1893.aspx
.

41
.
   
“Tajikistan: Where Money Takes a Bath?”
Eurasianet.org
, August 21, 2013,
http://www.eurasianet.org/node/67417
.

42
.
   
Ibid.

43
.
   
Maya Lester, “2 More Iranian Bank Listings Annulled—Sorinet and Zanjani,”
European Sanctions
(blog), July 5, 2014,
http://europeansanctions.com/2014/07/05/2-more-iranian-bank-listings-annulled-sorinet-and-zanjani/
.

44
.
   
Basel Institute on Governance, “Basel Institute on Governance Publishes
the 2013 Edition of the Basel AML Index,” n.d.,
https://www.baselgovernance.org/news/basel-institute-governance-publishes-2013-edition-basel-aml-index
.

45
.
   
Mohiaddin Mesbahi, “Iran and Tajikistan,” in
Regional Power Rivalries in the New Eurasia: Russia, Turkey, and Iran
, ed. Alvin Z. Rubinstein and Oles M. Smolansky (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 1995), 120.

46
.
   
Ibid.

47
.
   
Fozi Mashrab, “Tajikistan Wary of Iranians Bearing Gifts,” Asia Times Online, March 30, 2012,
http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/NC30Ak03.html
.

48
.
   
“Iran Strategic Partner for Tajikistan: Tajik Foreign Minister,” Press TV (Tehran), July 18, 2013,
http://www.presstv.com/detail/2013/07/18/314375/iran-strategic-partner-for-tajikistan/
.

49
.
   
See Irina Zviagelskaya, “In Search of Support Points: Iran in Central Asia,” Russian International Affairs Council, November 18, 2014,
http://russiancouncil.ru/en/inner/?id_4=4782#top
.

50
.
   
Sébastien Peyrouse and Sadykzhan Ibraimov, “Iran’s Central Asia Temptations,”
Current Trends in Islamist Ideology
10 (Hudson Institute, April 2010),
http://www.hudson.org/content/researchattachments/attachment/1290/peyrouse_ibraimov.pdf
.

51
.
   
Ibid.

52
.
   
Sébastien Peyrouse, “Iran’s Growing Role in Central Asia? Geopolitical, Economic and Political Profit and Loss Account,” Al Jazeera (Doha), April 6, 2014,
http://studies.aljazeera.net/en/dossiers/2014/04/2014416940377354.html
.

53
.
   
“Iran-Tajikistan Cooperation Reduces Impact of International Sanctions,”
New Europe
, April 22, 2012,
http://www.neurope.eu/article/iran-tajikistan-cooperation-reduces-impact-international-sanctions
.

54
.
   
Peyrouse, “Iran’s Growing Role in Central Asia?”

CHAPTER VI: IRAN’S ASIAN LIFELINE

  
1
.
   
Colin Clark, “JSF Survives, Global Hawk Dies, Global Strike Revives; Panetta’s Budget,”
Breaking Defense
, January 26, 2012,
http://breakingdefense.com/2012/01/jsf-survives-global-hawk-dies-global-strike-revives-panetta-r/
.

  
2
.
   
U.S. Department of Defense,
Sustaining U.S. Global Leadership: Priorities for 21st Century Defense
, January 2012,
www.defense.gov/news/Defense_Strategic_Guidance.pdf
.

  
3
.
   
Gal Luft, “Fueling the Dragon: China’s Race into the Oil Market,”
IAGS Journal of Energy Security
(n.d.),
http://www.iags.org/china.htm
.

  
4
.
   
Wood Mackenzie, “China on Track to Spend US$500bn on Crude Oil Imports by 2020, Surpassing US Import Requirements,” August 20, 2013,
http://www.woodmacresearch.com/cgi-bin/wmprod/portal/corp/corpPressDetail.jsp?oid=11495385
.

  
5
.
   
See, for example, Kang Wu, “Energy Security in China: Role of Oil and Gas in the Global Context,” June 2013,
http://www.esi.nus.edu.sg/docs/event/kang-wu-presentation-at-esi-june-2013.pdf?sfvrsn=0
.

  
6
.
   
Robin Wright, “Iran’s New Alliance with China Could Cost U.S. Leverage,”
Washington Post
, November 17, 2004.

  
7
.
   
Gal Luft, “China’s Future Energy Development and Strategies.” Statement before U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, July 21, 2005,
http://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/7.21-22.05luft_gal_wrts_0.pdf
.

  
8
.
   
Islamic Republic of Iran, National Iranian Oil Corporation, “China Increases Oil Imports from Iran,” August 24, 2011,
http://www.nioc.ir/Portal/Home/ShowPage.aspx?Object=NEWS&ID=325ad576-bc0d-40cf-a86a-cd861a39d255&LayoutID=a48e86dd-dd07-4c23-b5c1-4ee5da821796&CategoryID=9d32c839-2930-4ee6-9321-782d4ac9484a
.

  
9
.
   
“China Oil Imports from Iran Hit a Record High,” Press TV (Tehran), July 22, 2014,
http://www.presstv.com/detail/2014/07/22/372302/china-oil-imports-from-iran-hit-record/
.

10
.
   
As cited in Zachary Keck, “Asia Is Purchasing Nearly All of Iran’s Oil,”
The Diplomat
, January 5, 2013,
http://thediplomat.com/2013/01/asia-is-purchasing-nearly-all-of-irans-oil/
.

11
.
   
Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010, Public Law 111-195, July 1, 2010,
http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Documents/hr2194.pdf
.

12
.
   
Wayne Ma, “China Imports Record Amount of Iranian Crude,”
Wall Street Journal
, July 21, 2014,
http://online.wsj.com/articles/china-imports-record-amount-of-iranian-crude-1405946504
.

13
.
   
U.S. Department of Defense, Office of the Secretary of Defense,
Proliferation: Threat and Response 1996
(1996), 14.

14
.
   
Richard F. Grimmett,
Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations, 1993–2000
(Congressional Research Service, August 16, 2001), 28.

15
.
   
Louis Charbonneau, Jonathan Saul, and James Pomfret, “Exclusive:
Iran Uses China Bank to Transfer Funds to Quds-Linked Companies—Report,” Reuters, November 18, 2014,
http://news.yahoo.com/exclusive-iran-uses-china-bank-transfer-funds-quds-051934779.html
.

16
.
   
“China, Iran Defense Officials Pledge Closer Ties,” Associated Press, October 23, 2014,
http://bigstory.ap.org/article/864c06776bc740cea5262bce2efc9ffc/china-iran-defense-officials-pledge-closer-ties
.

17
.
   
Brian Murphy, “Iran and China Deepen a ‘Blue Water’ Friendship,”
Washington Post
, October 28, 2014,
http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/10/28/iran-and-china-deepen-a-blue-water-friendship/
.

18
.
   
Scott Harold and Alireza Nader,
China and Iran: Economic, Political, and Military Relations
, occasional paper (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2012), 1
–
2,
http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/occasional_papers/2012/RAND_OP351.pdf
.

19
.
   
Chad O’Carroll, “Iran Builds Pyongyang’s First Mosque,”
NKNEWS.org
., January 22, 2013,
http://www.nknews.org/2013/01/iran-buillds-pyongyangs-first-mosque/
.

20
.
   
Christina Y. Lin, “China, Iran, and North Korea: A Triangular Strategic Alliance,”
Middle East Review of International Affairs
14, no. 1 (March 2010),
http://www.gloria-center.org/2010/03/lin-2010-03-05/
.

21
.
   
Ibid.

22
.
   
Ibid.

23
.
   
Mark E. Manyin,
North Korea: Back on the Terrorism List?
(Congressional Research Service, June 29, 2010),
http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL30613.pdf
.

24
.
   
See Stephanie Griffith, “Iran Present at North Korean Missile Launch Says U.S.,” Agence France-Presse, July 20, 2006,
http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Iran_Present_At_North_Korea_Missile_Launch_Says_US_999.html
; see also “Reports: Iran Experts Aiding North Korea Rocket Launch,”
FoxNews.com
, March 29, 2009,
http://www.foxnews.com/story/2009/03/29/reports-iran-experts-aiding-north-korea-rocket-launch/
.

25
.
   
Bill Gertz, “Iran, North Korea Secretly Developing New Long-Range Rocket Booster for ICBMs,”
Washington Free Beacon
, November 26, 2013,
http://freebeacon.com/national-security/iran-north-korea-secretly-developing-new-long-range-rocket-booster-for-icbms/
.

26
.
   
See “Secret Nuclear Sites Detailed,”
Iran Brief
, November 6, 1995.

27
.
   
“Source: Hundreds of NK Nuclear and Missile Experts Working in
Iran,”
Korea Times
(Seoul), November 13, 2011,
http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2011/11/113_98613.html
; Madeline Chambers, “North Korea Supplied Nuclear Software to Iran: German Report,” Reuters, August 24, 2011,
http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/24/us-nuclear-northkorea-iran-idUSTRE77N2FZ20110824
.

28
.
   
“Iran ‘Paid Millions for Ringside Seat at N. Korean Nuke Test,’ ”
Chosun Ilbo
(Seoul), February 18, 2013,
http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2013/02/18/2013021801176.html
.

29
.
   
See, for example, David P. Goldman, “Did Iran Test a Nuclear Bomb in North Korea in 2010?” PJ Media, March 4, 2012,
http://pjmedia.com/spengler/2012/03/04/did-iran-test-a-nuclear-bomb-in-north-korea-in-2010/
.

30
.
   
Claudia Rosett, “Iran Follows in North Korea’s Nuclear Shoes,”
Asian Wall Street Journal
, November 19, 2013,
http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304439804579207422182734460
.

31
.
   
Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, “North Korea’s Support for Terrorist Groups and State Sponsors of Terrorism,” internal memo to House Republicans, May 8, 2008,
http://freekorea.us/2008/05/09/leaked-to-ofk-internal-house-memo-on-n-koreas-support-for-terrorism/
.

32
.
   
Victor Cha and Gabriel Scheinmann, “North Korea’s Hamas Connection: ‘Below’ the Surface?”
National Interest
, September 4, 2014,
http://nationalinterest.org/feature/north-koreas-hamas-connection-below-the-surface-11195
.

33
.
   
“Iranian Defector Tipped Syrian Nuke Plans,” Associated Press, March 19, 2009,
http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3689320,00.html
.

34
.
   
Robin Wright and Joby Warrick, “Syrians Disassembling Ruins at Site Bombed by Israel, Officials Say,”
Washington Post
, October 19, 2007.

35
.
   
Jay Solomon, “Iran–North Korea Pact Draws Concern,”
Wall Street Journal
, March 8, 2013,
http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323628804578348640295282274
.

36
.
   
Ibid.

37
.
   
See, for example, Heather Saul, “Kim Jong-un ‘Purge’: Six North Korea Officials Missing for Weeks ‘May Have Been Executed,’ ”
The Independent
(London), October 23, 2014,
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/kim-jongun-purge-north-korean-officials-missing-for-weeks-may-have-been-executed-9812616.html
.

38
.
   
“North Korea Submarine: Nuclear Missile Launch Tests Being Overseen by Kim Jong Un,”
Inquisitr.com
, November 4, 2014,
http://www.inquisitr.com/1584335/north-korea-submarine-nuclear-missile-launch-tests-being-overseen-by-kim-jong-un/
.

39
.
   
James R. Clapper,
Worldwide Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community
, Statement for the Record, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, January 29, 2014,
http://www.dni.gov/index.php/newsroom/testimonies/203-congressional-testimonies-2014/1005-statement-for-the-record-worldwide-threat-assessment-of-the-us-intelligence-community
.