Iron Curtain (92 page)

29.
Ofensywa kleru a nasze zadania
, document reprinted in Jan ˙Zaryn,
Kościól w
PRL
(Warsaw, 2004), p. 20.

30.
SAPMO-BA, DO 1 11/873 and DY 24 3823.

31.
Hermann Wentker, “Kirchenkampf in der DDR: Der Konflikt um die Junge Gemeinde 1950–1953,”
Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte
(January 1994), p. 116.

32.
SAPMO-BA, DY 24 3665.

33.
Interview with Ulrich Fest, Wittenberg, April 16, 2008.

34.
Mary Fulbrook,
Anatomy of a Dictatorship: Inside the
GDR,
1949
–
1989
(Oxford, 1995), pp. 91–99.

35.
Ueberschär,
Junge Gemeinde im Konflikt
, pp. 192–200.

36.
Interview with Fest.

37.
Kiszely,
ÁVH
, p. 104.

38.
Ibid., pp. 104–7.

39.
Orbán,
Katolikus papok békemozgalma Magyarországon
, pp. 56–59.

40.
Interview with Sándor Keresztes, Budafok, February 12, 2009.

41.
˙Zaryn
, Dzieje Koscioła Katolickiego w Polsce
, p. 94.

42.
In Marian S. Mazgaj,
Church and State in Communist Poland: A History,
1944
–
1989
(New York, 2010), pp. 60–61.

43.
˙Zaryn,
Dzieje Koscioła Katolickiego w Polsce
, pp. 101–2.

44.
Ibid., pp. 120–21.

45.
Ibid., p. 126.

46.
Ibid., p. 126.

47.
Csaba Szabó,
Egyházügyi hangulatjelentések
(Budapest, 2000), pp. 125, 136.

48.
Wentker, “Kirchenkampf in der DDR,” p. 116.

49.
MOL, 276 f. 65/359.

50.
See Wojciech Czuchnowski,
Blizna. Proces Kurii krakowskiej
1953
(Kraków, 2003).

51.
See Csaba Szabó,
A Grősz-per előkészítés
(Budapest, 2001).

52.
Kiszely,
ÁVH
, pp. 104–5.

53.
Mindszenty,
Memoirs
, pp. 1–2.

54.
Andrzej Micewski,
Cardinal Wyszyński: A Biography
, trans. William R. Brand and Katzarzyna Mroczowska-Brand (New York, 1984), pp. 1–2.

55.
Margit Balogh,
Mindszenty József:
1892
–
1975
(Budapest, 2002), pp. 60–76.

56.
Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński,
A Freedom Within
, trans. Barbara Krzywicki-Herburt and Reverend Walter J. Ziemba (New York, 1982), p. 15.

57.
Árpád Pünkösti, “You Are Not Primate Here,”
The Hungarian Quarterly
36, 144 (Winter 1996).

58.
Balogh,
Mindszenty József
, p. 100.

59.
Mindszenty,
Memoirs
, p. 76.

60.
Ibid., p. 100.

61.
Wyszyński,
Freedom Within
, pp. 25–26.

62.
Micewski,
Cardinal Wyszyński
, p. 66.

63.
˙Zaryn,
Dzieje Koscioła Katolickiego w Polsce
, pp. 134–56.

64.
Micewski,
Cardinal Wyszyński
, p. 20.

65.
Mindszenty,
Memoirs
, pp. 197–98.

66.
Micewski,
Cardinal Wyszyński
, pp. 53–55.

67.
Balogh,
Mindszenty József
, pp. 16–18.

68.
Interview with Hans-Jochen Tschiche, Satuelle, November 18, 2006.

69.
Keith Armes, “Chekists in Cassocks,”
Demokratisatsiya
4 (1993), pp. 72–83.

70.
OSA, 300/50/6, folder 124.

71.
M. Tinz, “Friedenspriester in der Tschechoslowakei. Im Dienste der Partei,”
Digest des Ostens
(1977), p. 42.

72.
Orbán,
Katolikus papok békemozgalma Magyarországon
, p. 94.

73.
Ibid., pp. 103–4.

74.
Ibid., pp. 107–8.

75.
Ibid.

76.
Jacek ˙Zurek,
Ruch “Ksiezy Patriotow
” (Warsaw, 2008), pp. 56–59.

77.
Orbán,
Katolikus papok békemozgalma Magyarországon
, pp. 188–89.

78.
Tadeusz Isakowicz-Zaleski,
Ksi˛eza Wobec Bezpieki
(Kraków, 2007), p. 44.

79.
OSA, 300/50/6, folder 124.

80.
˙Zurek,
Ruch “Ksiezy Patriotow
,
”
p. 105.

81.
Isakowicz-Zaleski,
Ksi˛eza Wobec Bezpieki
, p. 46.

82.
Ibid.

83.
Interview with Sándor Ladányi, Budapest, March 12, 2008; see also Sándor Ladányi,
A magyar református egyház
1956
tükrében
(Budapest, 2006), and Isakowicz-Zaleski,
Ksi˛eza Wobec Bezpieki
.

1.
Arthur Koestler,
Darkness at Noon
(New York, 2006), p. 244.

2.
Csaba Békés, Malcolm Byrne, and János Rainer, eds.,
The
1956
Hungarian Revolution: A History in Documents
(Budapest and New York, 2002), p. 16.

3.
Joel Kotek and Pierre Rigolout,
Le Siècle des camps
(Paris, 2001), pp. 544–48; also Andrzej Paczkowski, “Poland, the Enemy Nation,” in Stéphane Courtois et al., eds.,
The Black Book of Communism
(Cambridge, 1999), pp. 363–93.

4.
Romulus Rusan,
The Chronology and Geography of Repression in Romania
(Bucharest, 2007), pp. 28–30.

5.
Paczkowski, “Poland, the Enemy Nation,” pp. 237–38.

6.
György Gyarmati, “Hungary in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century,” in István György Tóth, ed.,
A Concise History of Hungary
(Budapest, 2005), pp. 58–581.

7.
Rusan,
Chronology and Geography of Repression
, p. 31.

8.
Karta, Memoir Archives, Wacław Beynar, II/542.

9.
Ibid., Stanisław Szostak, II/2944.

10.
Alina Gałan and Zygmunt Mańkowski, eds.,
Wi˛ezniowie Politcyzni na Zamku Lubelskim
(Lublin, 1996), pp. 20–31.

11.
Frank Drauschke, Arseny Roginsky, and Anna Kaminsky, eds.,
Erschossen in Moskau
(Berlin, 2005).

12.
Barbara Bank, “Az internálás és kitelepítés dokumentumai a történeti levéltárban,”
Az átmenet évkönyve,
2003
(Budapest, 2004), pp. 125–30; also Gyarmati, “Hungary in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century,” p. 581.

13.
Rusan,
Chronology and Geography of Repression
, pp. 31–32.

14.
Kotek and Rigolout,
Le Siècle des camps
, pp. 543–44.

15.
Dennis Deletant,
Romania Under Communist Rule
(Bucharest, 2006), p. 109.

16.
Tzvetan Todorov,
Voices from the Gulag
, trans. Robert Zaretsky (University Park, Pa., 1999), pp. 39–40.

17.
Kotek and Rigolout,
Le Siècle des camps
, p. 559.

18.
Bank, “Az internálás és kitelepítés dokumentumai a történeti levéltárban,” pp. 107–30.

19.
See
Magyar tudóslexikon A-tól Zs-ig
(Budapest, 1998), p. 192;
Magyar Internacionalisták
(Budapest, 1980); Rudolf Garasin,
Vörössipkás lovagok
(Budapest, 1967); Rudolf Garasin,
Zrínyi Katonai Kiadó
(Budapest, 1976).

20.
PIL, 867/f.11/g-24, pp. 15–58.

21.
MOL, 276/65184, pp. 133–39.

22.
From conversations with Mária Schmidt, Sándor M. Kiss, and Barbara Bank; also Géza Böszörményi,
Recsk
1950
–
1953
(Budapest, 2005), p. 49.

23.
Bank, “Az internálás és kitelepítés dokumentumai a történeti levéltárban,” p. 122.

24.
From a conversation with Barbara Bank, Recsk, July 4, 2009.

25.
Böszörményi,
Recsk
, p. 261.

26.
ABTL, 3.1.9. V-107373.

27.
György Faludy,
My Happy Days in Hell
, trans. Kathleen Szasz (London, 2010), p. 304.

28.
Törvénytelen szocializmus: A Tényfeltáró Bizottság jelentése
(Budapest, 1991), p. 96.

29.
Faludy,
My Happy Days in Hell
, p. 371.

30.
PIL, 962/2.

31.
Fitzroy Maclean,
Eastern Approaches
(London, 1991), pp. 82, 94.

32.
I heard this lecture as a Yale undergraduate, in the autumn of 1982.

33.
Mária Schmidt,
Battle of Wits
, trans. Ann Major (Budapest, 2007), p. 171.

34.
T. V. Volokitina et al., eds.,
Vostochnaya Evropa v dokumentakh rossiskikh arkhivov
1944
–
1953
(Moscow and Novosibirsk, 1997), pp. 814–29.

35.
Ibid., pp. 936–42.

36.
Andrzej Paczkowski et al.,
Polska w Dokumentach z archiwow rosyjskich
1949
–
1953
(Warsaw, 2000), pp. 82–83.

37.
Volokitina et al., eds.,
Vostochnaya Evropa
, pp. 830–58.

38.
Igor Lukes, “The Rudolf Slánský Affair: New Evidence,”
Slavic Review
58, 1 (Spring 1999), pp. 160–66.

39.
Ibid., pp. 164–66.

40.
Jří Pelikán, ed.,
The Czechoslovak Political Trials, 1950–1954: The Suppressed Report of the Dubček Government’s Commission of Inquiry, 1968
(Stanford, 1975), pp. 104–9.

41.
Igor Lukes,
Rudolf Slánský: His Trials and Trial
, Cold War International History Project (Washington, DC, 2006), p. 52.

42.
Zbigniew Bla˙zynski,
Mówi Józef
Światło
(Warsaw, 2003), pp. 252–53.

43.
Andrzej Werblan,
Stalinizm w Polsce
(Warsaw, 2009), p. 128.

44.
George H. Hodos,
Show Trials: Stalinist Purges in Eastern Europe,
1948
–
1954
(New York, 1987), p. 135.

45.
Ibid., p. 28.

46.
Schmidt,
Battle of Wits
, p. 108; also Lukes, “The Rudolf Slánský Affair,” pp. 166–69.

47.
Schmidt,
Battle of Wits
, pp. 133–35.

48.
Lászlo Rajk and His Accomplices Before the People’s Court
, publication of the Hungarian state prosecutor’s office (Budapest, 1949), pp. 146–63.

49.
Béla Szász,
Volunteers for the Gallows
(New York, 1971), p. 123.

50.
Karel Kaplan,
Report on the Murder of the General Secretary
, trans. Karel Kovanda (Columbus, 1990), p. 44.

51.
Ibid., pp. 152–92;
Lászlo Rajk and His Accomplices
, pp. 146–63; Szász,
Volunteers for the Gallows
, p. 123.

52.
Pelikán,
Czechoslovak Political Trials
, p. 81.

53.
Konrad Rokicki, “Aparatu obraz Wlasny,” in Kazimierz Krajewski and Tomasza Labuszewski, eds.,
Zwyczajny Resort: Studia o aparacie bezpieczeństwa 1944–1956
(Warsaw, 2005), p. 112.

54.
Tomáš Bouška and Klara Pinerova,
Czechoslovak Political Prisoners
(Prague, 2009), p. 14.

55.
Szász,
Volunteers for the Gallows
, pp. 51, 59.

56.
Konrad Rokicki, ed.,
Departament X
MBP: Wzorce—Struktury—Dzialanie
(Warsaw, 2007), p. 113.

57.
Ibid., pp. 110–11.

58.
Bouška and Pinerova,
Czechoslovak Political Prisoners
, p. 15.

59.
István Rév, “Indicting Rajk,” paper given at the University of Pennsylvania Slavic Department Spring Research Symposium, April 18, 2009, available at
http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/slavic/events/​slavic_symposium/Comrades_Please_Shoot_Me/​Rev_Rajk.pdf
.

60.
The quotes which follow are from a transcript that was in the possession of Mieczysław Rakowski and is now available at HIA, Rakowski Collection.

61.
Jo Langer,
Convictions: My Life with a Good Communist
(London, 2011), p. 30.

62.
Michael Scammell,
Koestler: The Literary and Political Odyssey of a Twentieth-Century Skeptic
(New York, 2009), p. 413.

63.
OSA, 23-1-25.

64.
József Mindszenty,
Emlékirataim
(Budapest, 1989), p. 100.

65.
Szász,
Volunteers for the Gallows
, p. 56.

66.
Melissa Feinberg, “Only an Imperialist Could Think Up Such a Notion,” paper given at the University of Pennsylvania Slavic Department Spring Research Symposium, April 18, 2009.

67.
Karta, Memoir Archives, file “Ró˙zności, 1944–56.”

68.
Frage und Antwort
 6 (1950).

69.
Karta, Memoir Archives, file “Ró˙zności, 1944–56.” The Colorado potato beetles can also be seen at
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0CYKU9jmBK0
.

70.
HALT
Amikäfer
 (Berlin: Amt für Information der Regierung der DDR, 1950).

71.
OSA, documentary film collection,
Statarium
, directed by András Sipos, 1989.

72.
MOL, 276/65/324, p. 36.

73.
Faludy,
My Happy Days in Hell
, p. 254.

74.
Ibid., p. 240.

75.
Langer,
Convictions
, p. 2.

76.
Interview with Attila Pok, Budapest, February 13, 2009.

77.
Zsuzsanna Ágnes Berényi,
A szabadkőművesség kézikönyve
(Budapest, 2001), pp. 185–87, 193; “
Grossaufseher
: A magyar szabadkőművesség története 1945 és 1950 között: módszerek és célkitűzések,”
Kelet
(January 2008), pp. 62–76.