Jerusalem: The Biography (88 page)

31
Judah and Maccabee Revolt: JA 12.265–433. 1 Maccabees 2–4. The Hammer: 2 Maccabees 5.27. Hasidim: origins of Essenes and apocalyptic thought: Book of Enoch 85–90 and 93.1–10 and 91.12–17. JA 12.7. Lysias: 1 Maccabees 4, 2 Maccabees 11. Hanukkah: 1 Maccabees 4.36–9, 2 Maccabees 10.1–8. JA 12.316. Judah in Jerusalem: 1 Maccabees 4.69. Conquests: 1 Maccabees 4–6. Jewish rights restored by Antiochus V: 1 Maccabees 6.59. Lysias vs Jerusalem: 2 Maccabees 11.22–6. Alcimus: 1 Maccabees 7, 8 and 9, 2 Maccabees 13.4–8, 14, 15. JA 8, 9, 10. Nicanor threats defeat head, tongue, hand: 1 Maccabees 7.33–9, 2 Maccabees 14.26, 2 Maccabees 15.36, 2 Maccabees 15.28–37, 1 Maccabees 8.1. Bacchides/death of Judah: 1 Maccabees 8–9. Bevan,
Seleucus
2.171–203. Joseph Sievers,
The Hasmoneans and their Supporters: From Mattathias to the Death of John Hyrcanus I
(henceforth Sievers) 16–72. Michael Avi-Yonah,
The Jews of Palestine: A Political History from the Bar Kochba War to the Arab Conquest
(henceforth Avi-Yonah) 4–5. Sartre 9–14. Resurrection and apocalypse: Lane Fox,
Unauthorized Version
98–100. Daniel 12.2–44. Isaiah 13.17–27. Jeremiah 51.1. Acra foundation:
Archeological Park
45. Patrich,
Sacred Esplanade
37–73.

32
Jonathan: 1 Maccabees 9–16 and JA 13.1–217. Philometer: 1 Maccabees 11.6–7. Onias IV: Holbl 190. JA 12.65–71, 14.131. Holbl 191–4. Schäfer 44–58. Bevan,
Seleucus
2.203–28. Sievers 73–103. Simon: JA 13.187–228. Simon as high priest, captain and leader: 1 Maccabees 12 and 13, 1 Maccabees 13.42–51. Acra falls/purple and gold: 1 Maccabees 13.51, 14.41–4. Antiochus VII Sidetes: 1 Maccabees 15.1–16. Simon death: JA 13.228. 1 Maccabees 16.11. Schäfer 56–8. Bevan,
Seleucus
2.227–43. Sievers 105–34. Sartre 9–14. Acra foundations:
Archeological Park
45; wall 90. Hasmonean walls – Avi-Yonah, 221–4. Peters,
Jerusalem
591. Ptolemy VII Euergetes II: Jews and elephants Josephus, ‘Against Apion’ 2.50–5. Holbl 194–204.

33
Hyrcanus: JA 13.228–300. Schäfer 65–74. Hasmonean walls: Avi-Yonah, 221–4. Peters,
Jerusalem
591. Walls:
Archeological Park
90, 138. Bahat,
Atlas
37–40. Converstions with Dan Bahat. Hyrcanus fortress residence: JA 14.403, 18.91. JW 1.142. Mass conversions: Goodman 169–74. Conversions and conquest: Sartre 14–16. Negotiations with Parthians: Marina Pucci, ‘Jewish–Parthian Relations in Josephus’, in
Cathedra
quoting the Book of Josippon. Greek culture: Goodman 110. Jewish contributions to Temple wealth: JA 14.110. Aristobulos: JA 13.301–20. Alexander Jannaeus: JA 13.320–404. Sartre 9–14. M. Stern, ‘Judaea and her Neighbours in the Days of Alexander Jannaeus’, in
Cathedra
1.22–46. Alexandra Salome: JA 13.405–30. Hyrcanus II vs Aristobulos II: JA 14.1–54. Bevan,
Seleucus
2.238–49. Sievers 135–48. Shanks 118. Roman treaty: Sartre 12–14.

34
Pompey: JA 14.1–79, including capture of city and entering Holy of Holies 14.65–77; Scaurus/Gabinius/Mark Antony: JA 14.80–103. Antipater: JA 14.8–17. Pompey reduces wall: JA 14.82. Greek allegations about Temple: see Apion and Josephus, ‘Against Apion’. Tacitus,
Histories
5.8–9. Cicero,
For Flaccus
, quoted in Goodman 389–455. John Leach,
Pompey the Great
78–101 and 212–14. Goldsworthy 73–6. Patrich,
Sacred Esplanade
37–73.

35
Crassus: Farrokh 131–40. JA 14.105–23, especially 110.

36
Caesar, Antipater, Cleopatra: JA 14.127–294. This analysis and account of Cleopatra and Caesar is based on Goldsworthy 87–9; 107; 125–7; 138; 172–81; Holbl 232–9; Schäfer 81–5; Sartre 44–51; Wilkinson,
Egypt
492–501. Cleopatra, Mark Antony Plutarch,
Makers of Rome
; Antipater origins and early career: Niko Kokkinos,
Herodian Dynasty: Origins, Role in Society and Eclipse
(henceforth Kokkinos) 195–243.

37
Antony, Herod, Parthia: JA 14.297–393. Parthian invasion/Antigonos: Farrokh 141–3. Parthian society, cavalry: Farrokh 131–5. This account of Antony and Cleopatra is based on Holbl 239–42; Goldsworthy 87–9, 183, 342–3; Schäfer 85–6; Sartre 50–3; Wilkinson,
Egypt
501–6. See Plutarch,
Makers of Rome
. Massacre of Sanhedrin: M. Stern, ‘Society and Political Realignments in Herodian Jerusalem’, in
Cathedra
2.40–59.

38
Herod takes Judaea 41–37 BC: JA 14.390–491. Farrokh 142–3; Antony’s Parthian war 145–7. Schäfer 86–7. Sartre 88–93.

39
Antony, Cleopatra, Herod: JA 14–15.160. Holbl 239–42.

40
JA 15.39–200. Herod, Actium and Augustus: this account of Cleopatra including the note on the fate of their children is based on Holbl 242–51; Goldsworthy 342–8; Actium 364–9; death, 378–85; Wilkinson,
Egypt
506–9 Herod and Cleopatra: JA 15.88–103. Herod as best friend of Augustus and Agrippa: JA 15.361. Description of Augustus: see Suetonius. Herod and Augustus: JA 15.183–200.

41
Herod and Mariamme 37–29 BC: marriage JA 14.465. Relationship: JA 15.21–86 and 15.202–66. Kokkinos 153–63; on Salome 179–86 and 206–16. Herod as king: this account of Herod is based on JA; Kokkinos; P. Richardson,
Herod the Great: King of the Jews, Friend of the Romans
; Stewart Perowne,
Herod the Great
; Michael Grant,
Herod the Great
117–44. Herod’s court: Kokkinos 143–53 and 351 – quote on Herod’s cosmopolitanism. Wives and concubines: JA 15.321–2. Kokkinos 124–43 and Herod’s education 163–73. Sartre 89–93. Schäfer 87–98. Herod’s wealth: Grant,
Herod
165. Games and theatres: JA 15.267–89. Fortressess/Sebaste/ Caesarea: JA 15.292–8; 15.323–41. Famine relief: JA 15.299–317. Citadel and Temple: JA 15.380–424.

42
Herod’s Jerusalem. Temple: JA 15.380–424 and JW 5.136–247. Bahat,
Atlas
40–51. On stones/seam – Ronny Reich and Dan Bahat, conversations with author. Seam and extension of Temple Mount:
Archeological Park
90. The street probably paved by Agrippa II:
Archeological Park
112–13; on Vitruvius and engineering, my explanation is based on
Archeological Park
29–31. Philo on Augustus’ sacrifices in Temple: Goodman 394. Trumpeting place: JW 4.12.
Cathedra
1.46–80. Simon temple-builder: Grant,
Herod
150. Shanks 92–100. Patrich,
Sacred Esplanade
37–73. The Red Heifer: Numbers 19. Heifer: this modern research is based on Lawrence Wright, ‘Letter from Jerusalem: Forcing the End’,
New Yorker
, 20 July 1998.

43
Herod, Augustus/sons to Rome/many wives: JA 15.342–64; with Agrippa/ Crimea/Diaspora Jews etc: JA 16.12–65. Grant,
Herod
144–50. Augustus and Agrippa sacrifices: Goodman 394; Philo,
Works
27.295.

44
Herod family tragedies/Augustus’ rulings/execution of princes/four wills/last massacre and of innocents/death: JA 16.1–404 and 17.1–205. Kokkinos 153–74. Grant,
Herod
211. Diagnosis of death: Philip A. Mackowiak,
Post Mortem
89–100. Jesus birth, Bethlehem Massacre, King of Israel/escape to Egypt: Matthew 1, 2 and 3. Sacrifice in Temple/tax/Bethlehem/circumcision: Luke 1–2, Isaiah 7.14. Lane Fox,
Unauthorized Version
, on timing of birth: 202. Brothers, sisters: Mark 6.3, Matthew 13.55, John 2.12, Acts 1.14. Speculative Cleophas theory: James D. Tabor,
The Jesus Dynasty
(henceforth Tabor) 86–92.

45
Varus’ war/Archelaus before Augustus and reign and downfall: JA 17.206–353. Goodman 397–401. Sartre 113–14. Archelaus: Herod of Luke 1.5. Kokkinos – on coins/using name of Herod, 226. Schäfer 105–12. Zealots founded by Judas the Galilean: JA 18.1–23. Gabriel’s Revelation: Ethan Bronner, ‘Hebrew tablet suggests tradition of resurrected messiah predates Jesus’,
New York Times
, 6 August 2008.

46
Jesus the life and ministry. Pinnacle of temple: Matthew 5.5. Aged twelve in Temple: Luke 2.39–51. Herod Antipas threat to Jesus/Pharisees/the hens/prophet outside Jerusalem: Luke 13.31–5. (Matthew’s version of the same speech is set in the Temple during Jesus’ last visit: Matthew 23.37.) Destruction of Jerusalem and armies foreseen: Luke 22.20–4. Jesus, John resurrected – Herod: Mark 6.14. I beheaded John, but reborn: Luke 9.7–9. Visit to high mountain and meeting with Moses and Elias (similarity to Muhammad’s Night Journey): Mark 9.1–5. Vision of King of Heaven: Matthew 24.3–25.46. Repent Kingdom of Heaven coming: Matthew 5.17. Blessed be the poor: Matthew 5.3. Not destroy law: Matthew 5.17. Exceed righteous Pharisees: Matthew 5.20. Let dead bury dead: Matthew 8.22. Apocalyptic sword and vision of Judgement Day: Matthew 10.21–32. Gnashing of teeth and furnace: Matthew 13.41–58. Son of Man and glory: Matthew 20.28. Must go to Jerusalem: Matthew 16.21. Nations judged: Matthew 25.31–4. Life eternal for righteous: Matthew 25.41 and 25.46. Elite followers, Joanna, wife of Herod’s steward: Luke 8.3. City of great king: Matthew 5.35. Earlier visits to Temple/early version of cleansing of Temple: John 2.13–24.

Son of Man: Daniel 7.13. Vision of Kingdom of Heaven, End of Days, Son of Man, be ready: Matthew 24.2–25.46. Early visits to Jerusalem and escapes from stoning: John 7, 8, 10.22.

Jesus and John the Baptist – same message, repentance/Kingdom of Heaven: Matthew 3.2 and 5.17. John the Baptist, birth: Luke 1.5–80. Mary visits John’s parents: Luke 1.39–41. John denounces Herod and Herodias: Luke 3.15–20.

Herod Antipas and John the Baptist beheading: Mark 6.14–32. John baptizing Jesus: Luke 3.21, Matthew 3.16. Herod Antipas: JA 18.109–19 (story of Herodias, Aretas’ daughter and John the Baptist). JA 18.116–19. Kokkinos 232–7, including identity of Salome. Antipas and Philip’s Tetrarchy and Nabataean war: JA 18.104–42. Salome: Mark 6.17–19. Matthew 14.3–11. Jesus on that fox: Luke 13.32 Diarmaid MacCulloch,
A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years
(henceforth MacCulloch) 83–91.

47
Jesus in Jerusalem. King of Israel entrance: John 12.1–15. Insurrection, Pilate, Siloam: Luke 13.1–4. Prediction of abomination, destruction: Mark 13.14. Hens, vision of desolation: Matthew 23.37–8. In Temple, vision of King of Heaven and Judgement Day: Matthew 24.3–25.46. Jesus in the Temple/not one stone: Mark 13.1–2 and 14.58 and later Stephen quote Isaiah: Acts 7.48. Not one stone: Matthew 24.1–3. Jewish traditions against Temple: Isaiah 66.1. The days in Jersualem: Mark 11–14 and John 12–19. JA 18.63. Early version of cleansing of Temple: John 2.13–24. Portrait of character is based on Geza Vermes,
The Changing Faces of Jesus
; Geza Vermes,
Jesus and the World of Judaism
; Geza Vermes, ‘The Truth about the Historical Jesus’,
Standpoint
, September 2008; MacCulloch; Charles Freeman,
A New History of Early Christianity
; A. N. Wilson,
Jesus
; F. E. Peters,
Jesus and Muhammad, Parallel tracks, Parallel Lives
.