Lavender Oil (2 page)

PART ONE

Lavender has been a popular perfume material since ancient times. In ancient Egypt and Turkey lavender was valued for its clean, refreshing scent, while Arab women once used the oil to add lustre to their hair. The Romans used lavender to scent their bath water, and its name is generally thought to have derived from the Latin
lavare
– to wash. The early Greeks also thought highly of its fragrance; Dioscorides is reported to have said that:

                              
Oil of lavender, when made by passing flowers through a glass alembic [i.e. when distilled], surpasses all other perfumes.

According to Greek myth, lavender was also one of the herbs dedicated to Hecate, the Goddess of witches and enchantment. Conversely, throughout Europe a sprig of lavender was believed to avert ‘the evil eye’ and it was commonly strewn in churches and dwelling places, especially on the feast days of St Barnabas and St Paul.

Lavender remained in great demand throughout this ancient period, both in its fresh and dried form. From medieval times in Europe, the dried flowers were used in pot-pourris, ‘tussie mussies’, sweet-bags and for laying among clothes
and linen to keep moths away. In Tudor times it was also used to stuff quilted jackets and caps – during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I it was common for women to sew little sachets of lavender into their skirts. Sprigs of fresh lavender or woodruff were bound into bundles and laid upon pillows or hung in homes as air fresheners in both Elizabethan England and the American colonies.

Essential oils (or ‘chymical oils’ as they were called) were beginning to make an appearance at this time, but prior to the 16th century there are few records of the process of distillation taking place using native herbs. One remarkable exception to this rule can be found in the
Meddygon Myddfai
, a famous little collection of remedies and charms written by the celebrated Welsh physicians of Myddfai in Carmarthen round about the middle of the 13th century. In it there is a recipe for ‘aqua water’, concocted from lavender, rosemary, thyme, fennel and parsley roots ground together in a mortar, sprinkled with a little salt and then placed in a still with some red or white wine. This was then placed in a pot full of ashes on a slow burning furnace …

                              
and so do stylle hyt al to-gedre; then take thye water that is distillyd, and distyllet azen zyf you wolte and use that of euerech day a lytel sponeful fastyng.

It was only after the publication of the
Grete Herball
in 1526, however, a book which included illustrations of the retorts and stills used for the extraction of essential oils, that the English began to experiment extensively with their own
native flora. By the late 16th century, following the Continental lead, it had become fashionable to have one’s own ‘stillroom’. The production of various aromatic preparations soon became part of the routine in all large houses. Stillroom secrets were sometimes recorded in special books along with personal recipes, or were passed down orally from generation to generation. A great deal of time and expertise went into this work, which was usually carried out by the mistress of the house together with other women …

                               
from fields they gathered rushes and sweet-smelling grasses to throw on their floors; in the garden they cultivated medicinal and aromatic herbs; and in their still rooms, they powdered, mixed and stilled, transforming the summer’s harvest into moth bags, sweet-waters, pot-pourris, sweet-bags, pomanders, wash-balls, sachets, herb-pillows, tussie-mussies, vinegars and teas.
¹

The earliest known recipe for a composite lavender water, dated 1615, gives directions for distilling the flowers together with canella, wallflower, gallingall and grains of paradise. These early forms of extraction were carried out by the process of water distillation – the flowers being literally immersed in a container of water which was then heated so the aromatic oils were carried over in a condenser with the water vapour. The distillate then separated out into two layers, with the volatile oil on top. Increasingly during the 17th century, as the knowledge of distillation spread throughout Britain, a variety of different essential oils were produced. These were blended to form exquisite natural perfumes and
various ‘sweet waters’, which were commonly presented as gifts. Lavender water remained one of the most popular English scents.

                              
There are certain types of women whose individuality seems to be better expressed by the use of lavender water than by any other scent. Gracious gentlewomen, with a love of all that is fair, harmonious and beautiful in life and thought, rather than the sophisticated, dashing type …
²

Queen Victoria herself had a particular fondness for the smell of lavender, and the royal apartments were redolent with its sweet, refreshing scent. Her Majesty is said to have purchased the essential oil direct from a lady who distilled it herself for use throughout the household as a domestic disinfectant. Furniture was also rubbed with lavender oil, as a forerunner of modern wax and polish. It was also used to scent gloves, leather goods and women’s hair. Indeed, the Victorian age as a whole demonstrated a penchant for lavender, and it was frequently mentioned in honeyed Victorian verse. An Elizabethan love song called ‘Lavender’s Blue’ re-emerged over 100 years later as the popular Victorian nursery rhyme:

                                  
Lavender’s blue, dilly, dilly, lavender’s green;

                                  
When I am king, dilly, dilly, you shall be queen …

For many, the scent of lavender still has a nostalgic quality … it is ‘the fragrance of half-forgotten things’.
³
It tends to suggest a naïve, innocent quality, bringing back recollections of balmy summer days spent outdoors as a child, the comforting aroma of freshly laundered sheets, or the lingering trace of lavender water on a woman’s sleeve, even though her features may have long since faded with time:

                                  
And still she slept an azure-lidded sleep,

                                  
In blanched linen, smooth, and lavender’d

‘Eve of Saint Agnes’ John Keats (1819)

Lavender is often considered an old-fashioned perfume, associated with grandmothers and great aunts – indeed, a heart-shaped lavender sachet made from pink net and tied with a velvet ribbon was once a traditional gift from a maiden aunt to her young nieces. But the ‘old maid’ image is not entirely fair – after all, it was once worn extensively by prostitutes to advertise their trade and attract customers! Yet through its rich associations lavender continues to have a strong traditional appeal, and it remains in huge demand by the perfumery industry today.

                              
According to Priest, good lavender oil is one of the most enjoyable raw materials that a perfumer has to work with. At once powerful and delicate … it is seldom used alone but serves in many blends imparting a delightfully fresh and sweet note. It blends excellently
with the citrus oils, especially bergamot, to produce colognes of all types…
⁴

Yardley, one of the oldest perfume companies in the world, was founded on products based principally on lavender! They produced their first lavender soap during the reign of Charles I, and after the First World War they became the world’s largest manufacturer of lavender products. Since 1936 Norfolk Lavender Ltd, England’s largest and oldest lavender farm, has supplied Yardley with lavender oil for the manufacture of lavender water, lavender soap and other products, including their classic scent ‘Lavender’ (first produced in 1913). Other examples of quality perfumes which contain old English lavender are ‘Blue Grass’, ‘Paco Rabanna’ and ‘Silvestre’, as well as many fougere-type fragrances.

Lavender has been used for healing purposes since primitive times, but the first mention of its specific use can be traced back to ancient Greece. Dioscorides is credited with having compiled the first extensive
Materia Medica
during the 1st century
AD
, in which he described the therapeutic qualities of over 500 plants taken from both Egyptian and Greek herbal lore. He refers to French lavender (
L. stoechas
) as:

                              
An herb with slender twiggs having ye haire like Tyme, but yet longer leaved … sharp in ye taste and somewhat bitterish, but ye decoction of it as the Hyssop is good for ye griefs in ye thorax …
¹

Dioscorides also attributed certain laxative and invigorating properties to it, and recommended its use in a tea-like infusion for chest complaints. The great doctor Galen (
AD
129–199) prescribed French lavender as an antidote to poisons, and for uterine disorders. Pliny the Elder, a contemporary of Dioscorides, used it for promoting menstruation and for treating snake bites and stings as well as, when taken in wine, for digestive, liver, renal and gall bladder disorders.
He also ascribed it with some psychological benefit by claiming that it banished the ‘pain of the bereft’. Indeed,

                              
… from the Greek medical practice there is derived the term ‘iatra-lypte’, from the physician who cured by the use of aromatic unctions.
²

But whereas the Greeks regarded lavender principally as a medicine, the Romans used it extensively for its fragrance. Pliny was the first to distinguish between French lavender (
L. stoechas
) and ‘true’ lavender (
L. vera
), revealing that the Romans used the latter for ‘stretching’ exotic perfumes. The Romans spent vast sums of money on their ritual ablutions, and at the public baths the
Unctuarium
or ‘Oil Room’ housed innumerable ready-mixed lotions, many of which contained lavender. The Romans also traditionally used the dried crushed leaves of lavender as a form of incense in honour of their gods. It was burnt on hot coals at ceremonial occasions as well as in preparation for childbirth.

It was the monks who preserved the knowledge of herbal lore in Europe during the Dark Ages. The Abbess of Hildegarde (1098–1180) from the diocese of Mainz made some of the earliest medicinal references to lavender in her prolific writings. She dedicated a whole chapter to lavender, which she described as a fierce, dry and strong-smelling herb, albeit without edible value.
³
She prescribed it for, among other things, clearing the eyes, getting rid of lice and banishing evil spirits! She also recommended lavender for ‘keeping a pure character’.

The monasteries, in addition, cultivated elaborately laid out herb gardens behind their high walls. A special plot was usually designated for the herb
garden near the kitchen, which was often planted with a single herb in each bed, grown especially for its specific culinary or medicinal use. This type of classically arranged formal herb garden lasted right up to the mid-17th century, and reached a peak of popularity during the Elizabethan era. In
A Winter’s Tale
, Shakespeare describes a few of the herbs one might expect to find growing in such a garden;

                                  
Hot lavender, mints, savory, marjoram;

                                  
The marigold, that goes to bed wi’ the sun,

                                  
And with him rises weeping; these are flowers

                                  
Of middle summer …

Throughout this period, lavender was employed principally as a domestic household item and as a medicinal agent. It was also occasionally used for culinary purposes, especially as a flavouring for vinegar. The dried powder was sometimes added to dishes as a condiment to ‘comfort the stomach’, and Queen Elizabeth I apparently enjoyed a conserve of lavender.

William Turner, often called the Father of English Botany, wrote a pioneering work on herbalism between 1538 and 1568 which he dedicated to Elizabeth I. In this
New Herball
he recommended true lavender for all diseases of the brain that ‘come of a cold cause’, and lavender water for ‘dulness of the head’.

All the early European herbalists were in general agreement that true lavender was particularly effective for nervous complaints, and that its fragrance alone could combat melancholy and comfort and revive the spirits. John Gerard, writing at the end of the 16th century, claimed that:

                              
The distilled water of lavender smelt unto, or the temples and forehead bathed therewith, is a refreshing to them that have the Catalepsy, a light migram, and to them that have the falling sicknesse, and that use to swoune much …
⁴

while 50 years later, John Parkinson confirmed that lavender was ‘especiall good use for all griefes and paines of the head and brain’. In
Culpeper’s Complete Herbal
, the well-known astrologically based treatise first published in 1652, the author describes lavender in the following terms:

                              
Mercury owns this herb. It is of especial use in pains of the head and brain which proceed from cold, apoplexy, falling-sickness, the dropsy, or sluggish malady, cramps, convulsions, palsies and often faintings … the tremblings and passions of the heart, and faintings and swoonings, applied to the temples or nostrils, to be smelt unto …
⁵

Culpeper also recommended lavender for digestive upsets or weakness, liver and spleen obstructions, menstrual problems, toothache or the loss of voice, but he warned that Oil of Spike should be used with care due to its ‘hot and subtle spirit’.