Living Dolls: The Return of Sexism (33 page)

Notes

Dolls

  
1  
MTV news report, 19 October 2006, retrieved 10 October 2008 from
www.mtv.com/news/articles/1543510/20061019/duff_hilary.jhtml

  
2  
The huge success of Bratz can be seen in the fact that they were selling 45 per cent of the fashion dolls in the UK in 2004 – the biggest market share for a single brand; Graham Hiscott, ‘Bratz the new queen of the fashion-doll world’,
Independent
, 10 September 2004

  
3  
Retrieved 16 November 2008 from
http://www.henheaven.co.uk/poledancing-hen-weekends/

  
4  
Josephine Moulds, ‘Lap dancing, the daily grind’,
The Times
, 19 June 2008

  
5  
Viv Hardwick, ‘More cow than call-girl’,
Northern Echo
, 11 September 2008

  
6  
Kate Taylor, ‘Today’s ultimate feminists are the chicks in crop tops’,
Guardian
, 23 March 2006

  
7  
Naomi Wolf,
Fire With Fire
(London: Chatto & Windus, 1993), p6

  
8  
Natasha Walter, ‘Whoever wins, the suits will lose their majority’,
Observer
, 27 April 1997

  
9  
For instance, when Patricia Hewitt was secretary of state for trade and industry in 2001 she brought in new rights for workers to demand flexible working, saying, ‘We want people to be able to balance their responsibilities as parents and their responsibilities as employees instead of having a struggle between being a good parent and a good employee.’ ‘Flexible hours boost for working parents’, BBC News, 28 June 2001

10  
George Lucas, ‘Go on Tony, take paternity leave’,
New Statesman
, 13 March 2000

11  
Scottish Parliament debate, 5 March 2009,
http://www.theyworkforyou.com/sp/?id=2009-03-05.15588.0

12  
Caroline Flint’s resignation letter, 5 June 2009

13  
Marie Woolf, ‘Paternity leave scheme shelved by Lord Mandelson’,
Sunday Times
, 31 May 2009

14  
Brendan Burchell, Colette Fagan, Catherine O’Brien and Mark Smith,
Working Conditions in the European Union: The Gender Perspective
(Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2007), retrieved 24 January 2009 from
http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/pubdocs/2007/108/en/1/ef07108en.pdf;
statistics for the UK discussed in Sarah Womack, ‘Career women work longer hours than men’,
Daily Telegraph
, 2 December 2007

15  
Pay statistics from the Equality and Human Rights Commission’s analysis of data from the
Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings
(Office of National Statistics, 2008) and
Labour Market Statistics Bulletin
(Office of National Statistics, 2008), based on mean hourly earnings, retrieved 1 September 2009 from
www.equalityhumanrights.com

16  
From 2007 to 2008 the pay gap widened by 0.1 per cent. Based on mean earnings, from the
Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings
(Office of National Statistics, 2008), retrieved 26 May 2009 from
http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=167.
In 2007 the pay gap for women and men in senior professional positions also widened for the first time in more than a decade, according to the
National Management Salary Survey
(Chartered Management Institute, September 2007). ‘In real terms female managers earned an average of £43,571, last year – £6,076 less than the male equivalent of £49,647. The difference (12.2 per cent) is up from 11.8 per cent, last year. At director level the gap is £49,233 or 23 per cent, up from 20 per cent, last year.’ Press release retrieved 24 January 2009 from
http://www.managers.org.uk/listing_media_1.aspx?id=10:347&id=10:138&id=10:11&doc=10:3364

17  
Jill Treanor, ‘Women quit before hitting glass ceiling’,
Guardian
, 8 March 2007

18  
Anya C Hurlbert and Yazhu Ling, ‘Biological components of sex differences in colour preference’,
Current Biology
, 17, 16 (2007), 623–5

19  
Steve Connor, ‘Boys like blue, girls like pink, it’s in our genes’,
Independent
, 21 August 2007

20  
Martin Wainwright, ‘Pink for a girl and blue for a boy – and it’s all down to evolution’,
Guardian
, 21 August 2007

21  
Girls’ Schools Association website, ‘Answers to frequently asked questions’, retrieved 13 October 2008 from
http://www.gsa.uk.com/default.aspx?id=135

22  
Quoted in Melissa Fletcher Stoeltje, ‘Little girls carried away on a pink wave of princess products’,
San Antonio Express
, 3 October 2007

23  
Simon Baron-Cohen,
The Essential Difference
(London: Allen Lane, 2003), p20

24  
Simon Baron-Cohen,
The Essential Difference
, op cit, p185

1: Babes

  
1  
Sales of
Zoo
slipped 13.6 per cent from 2007 to 2008, sales of
Nuts
slipped 9.8 per cent over the same period. Statistics from the Audit Bureau of Circulation (ABC), quoted in Owen Gibson, ‘Lads’ mags cocktail of booze, birds and banter loses its fizz’,
Guardian
, 15 August 2008

  
2  
Traffic to the
Nuts
website increased sharply in 2008, with over 1 million unique users in June 2008, a 121 per cent year-on-year increase. Figures from IPC press release, retrieved 26 May 2009 from
http://www.ipcmedia.com/press/article.php?id=270943

  
3  
Survey carried out by the Lab, 6 June 2005, retrieved 10 October 2008 from
http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/161/ 161338_naked_ambition_rubs_off_on_teen_girls.htm

  
4  
Martlet
, newsletter of Pembroke College Cambridge, 9 (September 2005)

  
5  
Telegraph reporter, ‘Cambridge University magazine prints topless page three picture of student’,
Daily Telegraph
, 20 November 2008

  
6  
Quoted in Janice Turner, ‘Is the misogyny of lads’ mags good clean fun?’
Guardian
, 22 October 2005

  
7  
Ariel Levy,
Female Chauvinist Pigs: Women and the Rise of Raunch Culture
(London: Simon & Schuster, 2006)

2: Pole-dancers and prostitutes

  
1  
Estimate from OBJECT and Fawcett Society’s briefing on lap dancing, retrieved 1 September 2009 from
www.object.org.uk
.

  
2  
Retrieved 29 June 2009 from
http://www.thestagcompany.com/lapdancing-stag-weekends/

  
3  
Retrieved 15 October 2008 from
http://www.clubmuse.co.uk/clubmuse.htm

  
4  
Gordon Stuart, ‘Spice Girls learn to pole dance’,
Sun
, 24 October 2007

  
5  
Gordon Stuart, ‘Sugas are sweet on pole-dancing’,
Sun
, 3 April 2008

  
6  
Louise Gannon, ‘Emilia Fox on the noble art of pole-dancing and how she learned to undress for her husband’,
Daily Mail
, 12 April 2008

  
7  
Stranger
magazine, August 2006, retrieved 1 June 2009 from
http://www.stranger-mag.com/features/life/the-importance-of-beingimmodest.html

  
8  
Kelly DiNardo, ‘Burlesque comeback tries to dance with feminism’, Womens ENews, 12 July 2004, retrieved 1 June 2009 from
http://www.womensenews.org/article.cfm/dyn/aid/2099

  
9  
‘Take a peep at Mel B’,
Sun
, 3 April 2009

10  
See for instance, Conrad Astley, ‘Lap dance girls pay for naked ambition’,
Manchester Evening News
, 13 June 2003; Lee Sykes, ‘Lap dancing club has fallen foul of the law’,
Oldham Advertiser
, 22 March 2006; ‘Call for curbs on lapdancing clubs’, BBC News 17 August 2004,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/3572112.stm;
Julie Bindel,
Profitable exploits: lap dancing in the UK
(Child and Women Abuse Studies Unit, London Metropolitan University, 2004), retrieved 1 June 2009 from
http://www.rapecrisisscotland.org.uk/documents/profitable%20exploits.pdf

11  
Lilith report on lap dancing and striptease in the London Borough of Camden (2003) p10, retrieved 15 October 2008 from
http://www.eaves4women.co.uk/Lilith_Project/Documents/Reports/ Lilith_report_lap_dancing_striptease_camden.pdf

12  
Catherine Bennett, ‘Why can’t we stop the spread of degrading adverts for sex?’,
Observer
, 1 June 2008

13  
Belle de Jour,
The Intimate Adventures of a London Call Girl
(London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005); Miss S,
Confessions of a Working Girl
(London: Penguin, 2007); Tracy Quan,
Diary of a Manhattan Call Girl
((2001), London: HarperCollins, 2005)

14  
Emile Zola,
Nana
((1880), Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972), p452

15  
Charles Dickens,
Oliver Twist
((1839), Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1988), p364

16  
Miss S,
Confessions of a Working Girl
, op cit, p89

17  
Russell Brand,
My Booky Wook
(London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2007), pp126–7

18  
Caroline Crowe, ‘Meet the men who pay for sex’,
Sun
, 30 October 2007

19  
Maddy Coy, Miranda Horvath and Liz Kelly,
It’s Just Like Going to the Supermarket: Men Buying Sex in East London
, report for Safe Exit at Toynbee Hall (Child & Woman Abuse Studies Unit, London Metropolitan University, 2007), p20

20  
Helen Ward et al, ‘Who pays for sex? An analysis of the increasing prevalence of female commercial sex contacts among men in Britain’, S
exually Transmitted Infections
, 81 (2005), 467–71

21  
Peter Baker, of the Men’s Health Forum, commented that: ‘Many people will be surprised by the relatively large numbers of men who are willing to pay for sex. But it’s not so surprising in the context of social trends – women are increasingly sexualised in the media.’ Quotations from BBC report, ‘Twice as many men pay for sex’, 1 December 2005, retrieved 18 October 2008 from
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4482970.stm

22  
The coverage of this report on the
Guardian
website linked to an internet soft porn site on 10 November 2007 – the link no longer exists.
www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,1654880,00.html

23  
K Elliott, H Eland, and J McGaw,
Kerb Crawling in Middlesbrough: An Analysis of Kerbcrawlers’ Opinions
(Safer Middlesbrough Partnership, 2002) unpublished, cited in Coy, Horvath and Kelly, op cit, p3

24  
Retrieved November 2007 from
www.punternet.com
, spelling and punctuation corrected

25  
M A Barnard, G Hurt, C Benson and S Church,
Client Violence Against Prostitutes Working from Street and Off-street Locations: A three-city comparison
(Swindon: ESRC Violence Research Programme, 2002), cited in Coy, Horvath and Kelly, op cit, p3

26  
Paying the Price: A Consultation Paper on Prostitution
(Home Office, 2004), p11, retrieved 18 October 2008 from
http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/documents/paying_the_price.pdf?view=Binary

27  
J Pearce,
It’s Someone Taking a Part of You: A Study of Young Women and Sexual Exploitation
(National Children’s Bureau for the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2002), cited in
Paying the price
, op cit, p95

28  
H Kinnell, correspondence, 1993, cited in
Paying the price
, op cit, p95

29  
J J Pearce, M Williams and C Galvin,
Research Findings: the Choice and Opportunity Project, Young Women and Sexual Exploitation
(Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2003), cited in M Hester and N Westmarland,
Tackling Street Prostitution: Towards an Holistic Approach
(Home Office research, development and statistics directorate, July 2004), p60

30  
R Campbell,
Working on the Street, an Evaluation of the Linx Project 1998–2001
(Liverpool Hope University, 2002), cited in Hester and Westmarland, op cit, p78

31  
I Peate, ‘Paying the price: health care and prostitution’,
British Journal of Nursing
, 15 (2006), 246–7, cited in M Goodyear and L Cusick, ‘Protection of sex workers’, BMJ, 334, 7584 (13 January 2007), 52–3

32  
Miss S,
Confessions of a Working Girl
, op cit, pp4–6

3: Girls

  
1  
Quoted in Tanya Gold, ‘The queen is dead’,
Guardian
, 6 October 2004

  
2  
‘Express Yourself’, Black Eyed Peas featuring Apl de Ap, Geffen/Universal 2007

  
3  
Joan Jacobs Brumberg,
The Body Project: An Intimate History of American Girls
(New York: Random House, 1997), pxxi

  
4  
Retrieved 15 August 2009 from
http://www.trinnyandsusannah.com/

  
5  
Esther Blum, author of
Eat, Drink and Be Gorgeous
, in
Daily Mail
, 12 January 2009

  
6  
Sally Jeffrie,
The Girls Book of Glamour
(London: Buster Books, 2007)

  
7  
Susie Orbach,
Bodies
(London: Profile, 2009), p136

  
8  
‘Girls diet for pop star bodies’, BBC News, 20 July 2005

  
9  
Beth Neil, ‘The diet generation’,
Daily Mirror
, 27 April 2009