Lone Survivors (54 page)

demography and

development of

genetic studies and

Mitochondrial Eve and

Multiregionalism model vs.

new data and conclusions about

Omo Kibish site and

Out of Africa as term vs.

regional differences and

Redding, Richard

red ocher

Reed, David

regional characteristics

Multiregional model and

genetics and

RAO model and

Reich, David

relative dating

release from proximity

Relethford, John

religion.
See also
rituals; shamanism

Replacement model

RESET project

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms

reticulation

Revedin, Anna

rhinoceros

Rhodesian Man.
See
Broken Hill skull

Richards, Michael

Richerson, Peter

rituals

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Roberts, Bert

Roberts, Mark

Robin Hood Cave

Robock, Alan

rodent fossils

Rodseth, Lars

Roebroeks, Wil

Röntgen, Wilhelm

Rosas, Antonio

Rose, Jeffrey

Roseman, Charles

Roychoudhury, Arun

Sabeti, Pardis

Saccopastore

Sahara, greening of

Sahelanthropus

Saint-Césaire

Salé cranium

salivary amylase gene

Samra, Lake

San Bushman

Sandawe hunter-gatherers

Sangirari

sapropels

Sarich, Vince

Sauer, Carl

Sautuola, Marcelino Sanz de

scanning electron microscope

scavenging

Schaaffhausen, Hermann

Schöningen

Schwarcz, Henry

Science

Scladina Cave

Sclater, Philip

sclera

sea levels

Secrets of the Lost Races
(Noorbegen)

self-awareness

selfishness of genes

semicircular canals

sewing

sexual dimorphism

sexual division of labor

sexual selection

shamanism

shame

Shanidar Cave

Shaw, Thurstan

Shea, John

shell artifacts.
See also
beads, shell

shellfish

Shennan, Stephen

Sherborne bone

shoes

Shoshone people

Shylakhter, Ilya

sickle-cell anemia

Sima de las Palomas

Sima de los Huesos

Singa cranium

single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

sinuses

skeleton.
See also specific sites

Skhul site

dating

skin color

skulls.
See also
brain; braincase;
and specific sites and types

data gathering on, in 1971

genetic drift and

new techniques to measure

regional differences

Smith, Fred

Smith, Tanya

Social Brain Hypothesis (SBH)

social learning

demography and

social life.
See also
communication; language;
and other specific activities

alloparents and

brain and

conflict and

food production and

gossip and grooming and

mirror neurons and

music and

religion and

social networks

social structure

social support

Soffer, Olga

Solfatara crater

Solo site

Solutraean industry

Sommer, Jeffrey

species, defined

Spectrum Hypothesis

sperm

SPEX (single primer extension) technique

Spoor, Fred

Spy site

Sri Lanka sites

Stage 3 project

Stegodon

Steinheim

stereolithography

Sterkfontein site

Stewart, John

Still Bay industry

Stiner, Mary

Stoneking, Mark

strontium isotopes

sulci
(furrows)

sulphur isotopes

Sungir site 105

surfing

Svoboda, Ji
ř
í

sweat glands

Sykes, Bryan

symbolism.
See also
art; music; religion

Neanderthals and

shamanism and

synchrotron

Systema Naturae
(Linneaus)

Tabun site

Tafforeau, Paul

TAS2R38 gene

Tasmania

taste abilities

tattoos

Taung skull

Taylor, Timothy

teeth

Boxgrove

Broken Hill

cooking and

dating

Denisovan

Devil's Tower

growth lines

H. erectus

Hobbit

incremental daily lines

longevity and

migrations and

molar eruption age

Neanderthal-modern mix possibility

Neanderthals

Oase

Out of Africa model and

shoveling

synchrotron studies

Tianyaun skeleton

as tools

Üça
ğ
izli Cave

wear seriation studies

teeth, animal

Templeton, Alan

temporal bone

temporal lobe

tephras

Teyssandier, Nicolas

theory of mind

therianthropes

thermoluminescence (TL) dating

thermoregulation

Thomas, Mark

Thorne, Alan

thought

throat

Tianyuan Cave.
See also
Zhoukoudian site

tick shells

Tillier, Anne-Marie

Timmreck, Claudia

Tishkoff, Sarah

Toba eruption

Tomasello, Michael

tomography

tools.
See also specific industries, periods, and sites

adhesives and

apes and

atlatls

Australian

behavior and

blades

bone

bows and arrows

brain and

burins (engraving)

complex

composite

demography and

diversity and

Dmanisi

end scrapers

fishing

flakes

grinding

hammers

handaxes

Hobbit

Human Revolution and

hunting and

language and

leaf points

mining and

modern behavior and

Neanderthal

Neanderthal, vs. Cro-Magnons

needles

nets

Oase

preheating

ropes

scrapers

spear points

spears

Tasmanian

teeth as

traps and nets

Üça
ğ
izli

weapons

wooden

Torquay Museum

Torres Straits islanders

Toups, Melissa

transposable elements

tree ring dating

Trinkaus, Erik

Trivers, Robert

trust

Tsodilo Hills cave

tsunamis

Turner, Christy

Twin Rivers site

tympanic bone

Üça
ğ
izli (Three Mouths) Cave

ultrafiltration dating

ultraviolet (UV) light

Upper Paleolithic

uranium-series (U-S) dating

Vallebona, Alessandro

Vandermeersch, Bernard

Vanhaeran, Marian

varves dating

Venus figurine, “headless”

Vindija Neanderthals

violence.
See also
warfare

vision

volcanic dating

volcanic winter

Wadley, Lyn

Walker, Alan

Wallace, Alfred Russel

warfare

water, drinking

wear seriation

Weaver, Tim

Weidenreich, Franz

Weiner, Joseph

Wells, Spencer

West Africa

White, Randall

White, Tim

Whiten, Andrew

Willandra Lakes DNA studies

Willoughby, Pamela

Wilson, Allan

Wolpert, Lewis

Wolpoff, Milford

Woodward, Arthur Smith

Wrangham, Richard

wrist

Wu Xinzhi

Wynn, Thomas

X-chromosomes

dispersals from Africa and

X-rays

Xujiayao

Y-chromosome

Yotova, Vania

Yunxian, Chin

Zagros Mountains

Zhiren Cave

Zhoukoudian site

Zilhão, João

“
Zinjanthropus
” skull

Zollikofer, Christoph

Zoser, Pharoah

Zwigelaar, Tom

About the Author

Chris Stringer
is the author of
The Complete World of Human Evolution, Homo britannicus
, and more than two hundred books and papers on the subject of human evolution. One of the world's foremost paleoanthropologists, he is a researcher at the Natural History Museum in London and a Fellow of the Royal Society. He has three children and lives in Sussex and London.

A
LSO BY
C
HRIS
S
TRINGER

Homo britannicus

The Complete World of Human Evolution
(with Peter Andrews)

African Exodus
(with Robin McKie)

In Search of the Neanderthals
(with Clive Gamble) 

Times Books

Henry Holt and Company, LLC

Publishers since 1866

175 Fifth Avenue

New York, New York 10010

www.henryholt.com

Henry Holt
®
is a registered trademark of Henry Holt and Company, LLC.

Copyright © 2012 by Chris Stringer

All rights reserved.

Originally published in the United Kingdom in 2011 by Allen Lane as
The Origin of Our Species

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Stringer, Chris, 1947–

Lone survivors : how we came to be the only humans on earth / Chris Stringer.

       p. cm.

Includes index.

ISBN 978-0-8050-8891-5

  1.  Human beings—Origin.   2.  Human evolution.   I.  Title.

GN281.L65 2012

599.93'8—dc23                                      2011030434

 

First U.S. Edition 2012

eISBN 978-1-4299-7344-1