Madison and Jefferson (140 page)

8.
JM to Hamilton, December 31, 1812,
JMP-PS
, 5:334–35; Brant, 6:125–26. Hamilton did not leave quietly. He circulated rumors that Madison had altered his published letter of resignation so it appeared that Hamilton had voluntarily resigned. See “Paul Hamilton,”
Concord Gazette
, January 26, 1813; JM to Dearborn, October 7, 1812,
JMP-LC;
Hickey,
War of 1812
, 113, 127–28; Edward K. Eckert,
The Navy in the War of 1812
(Gainesville, Fla., 1973), 16–17, 30–31, 51, 58–59, 71–72, 75–77; Eckert, “William Jones: Mr. Madison’s Secretary of the Navy,”
Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
96 (April 1972): 167–82; and Eckert, “Early Reform in the Navy Department,”
American Neptune
33 (1973): 233–38. As an opium trader, see contract with “Young Tom,” a buyer in Canton, September 3, 1805; and for Jones’s strong opposition to impressment, see Edward Carrington to Jones, October 15, 1805, both in William Jones Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

9.
In his annual address Madison stated: “The enterprising spirit which has characterized our naval force, and its success, both in restraining insults and depredations on our coasts, and in reprisals on our enemy, will not fail to recommend an enlargement of it.”
Annals of Congress
, 12th Cong., 2nd sess., 15; William Jones to five of his captains, on U.S. naval inferiority, February 22, 1812, cited in Eckert,
Navy in War of 1812
, 20–21. Brant, 6:39; Gallatin to James W. Nicholson, May 13, 1812, Gallatin Papers, Library of Congress.

10.
For Madison’s support of the navy during the Revolution, see JM to TJ, April 16, 1781,
RL
, 1:187; Eckert,
Navy in War of 1812
, 24–26; TJ to JM, May 21, 1813; JM to TJ, June 6, 1813; TJ to JM, June 21, 1813,
RL
, 3:1712, 1720–21, 1722–25; Jones to Lloyd
Jones, February 27, 1813, William Jones Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Editor Hanson’s attack on the gunboats is in “Gunboats-Ahoy!,”
Federal Republican
, February 19, 1813.

11.
Skeen,
John Armstrong
, 127–31; Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War
, 310–11; Eckert,
Navy in War of 1812
, 40–41, 51, 56–58.

12.
Gallatin to JM, March 5, 1812; Astor to Gallatin, February 6 and February 14, 1813, Gallatin Papers, Library of Congress; for Madison’s earlier view on speculators, see JM to TJ, July 10 and August 8, 1791, in
RL
, 1:698, 708; Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War
, 298–99.

13.
The Centinel
[Salem, N.Y.], February 11, 1813;
Centinel of Freedom
[Newark, N.J.], January 26, 1813; Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War
, 299–301.

14.
Madison later speculated that the senators’ visit had been an elaborate ruse to corral wavering colleagues to vote to reject. The Senate had first rejected Madison’s nomination of Jonathan Russell to serve as minister to Sweden, which was meant as a warning shot to the president. But he persisted in believing he had enough votes to carry Gallatin’s appointment. See JM to Gallatin, August 2, 1813,
JMP
-
LC;
Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War
, 309–311, 313, 316; Ketcham, 559–61; Brant, 6:189–91; Monroe to TJ, June 28, 1813,
TJP-LC;
“Virginius, to James Madison, the President of the United States,”
New York Spectator
, July 3, 1813;
Annals of Congress
, 13th Cong., 1st sess., 84–88, 95–96.

15.
Horsman,
War of 1812
, 68–69, 74–75.

16.
Lord Wellesley’s words appeared in American newspapers; see, for example,
Baltimore Patriot
, January 25, 1813; TJ to JM, June 21, 1813,
RL
, 3:1724; Hickey,
War of 1812
, 153–54; William Jones to Alexander J. Dallas, July 19, 1813, Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Brant, 6:206–7; for reports of British atrocities, see “Letter from Col. E. Parker of Westmoreland County, Virginia,” in
Richmond Enquirer
, July 16, 1813; and Parke Rouse, Jr., “The British Invasion of Hampton in 1813: The Reminiscences of James Jarvis,”
Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
76 (July 1968): 318–36. The House printed five hundred copies of the report on “British Barbarities” for distribution by members to newspapers as well as to constituents;
Annals of Congress
, 13th Cong., 1st sess., 489–92.

17.
Congressman Hanson (editor of the
Federal Republican
) taunted Republicans by asking them why Congress so “studiously shunned an appeal to that unerring test—that touchstone of sincerity and patriotism
—the pocket
?” See
Annals of Congress
, 13th Cong., 1st sess., 355, 370–71, 462; also see Raymond M. Champagne and Thomas J. Reuter, “Jonathan Roberts and the ‘War Hawk Congress of 1811–1812,’ ”
Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
104 (October 1980): 441, 447.

18.
Eppes to TJ, July 21, 1813,
TJP-LC.
Eppes voted against a direct tax (two other Virginians did not cast votes), but he joined the majority in backing the carriage tax, the stamp tax, and the salt tax. His fellow Virginia Republicans seemed more bothered by the salt tax, with nine defections. The Pennsylvania Republicans voted as a solid bloc for the direct, carriage, and salt taxes, with only one Republican missing. There were six missing Pennsylvania votes on the stamp tax. See
Journal of the House
, Library of Congress, 80–81, 88–89;
Annals of Congress
, 13th Cong., 1st sess., 463. Jefferson’s other son-in-law, Thomas Mann Randolph, was, the ex-president wrote, “seized with the military
fever.” He was appointed a colonel in the U.S. Army and sent north to the Canadian frontier, where he saw little action. He resigned his commission after less than a year and, returning south, took up the defense of Richmond as an officer in the state militia. His eldest son, twenty-one-year-old Thomas Jefferson Randolph, enlisted as a private but remained nearer to home, managing the family’s flour mill. See Malone, 6:118–22.

19.
TJ to Eppes, June 24, 1813,
TJP-LC;
Herbert E. Sloan,
Principle and Interest: Thomas Jefferson and the Problem of Debt
(Charlottesville, Va., 1995), 205–13; Donald F. Swanson, “ ‘Bank-Notes Will Be But Oak Leaves’: Thomas Jefferson on Paper Money,”
Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
101 (January 1993): 37–52; on Virginia state banks, see Glen Crothers, “Banks and Economic Development in Post-Revolutionary Northern Virginia, 1790–1812,”
Business History Review
73 (Spring 1999): 1–39.

20.
Hickey,
War of 1812
, 122–23; Latimer,
1812
, chap. 6;
Argus
quote in Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War
, 320.

21.
Hickey,
War of 1812
, chap. 6; Latimer,
1812
, chap. 9; Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War
, 329–47.

22.
Monroe to JM, December 23, 1813,
JMP-LC;
Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War
, 366–69, 376.; Eckert, “William Jones: Mr. Madison’s Secretary of the Navy,” 177.

23.
Brant, 6:243–45; Dolley Madison to Hannah Gallatin, January 21, 1814, in
Selected Letters of Dolley Payne Madison
, ed. Mattern and Shulman, 184; Granger to TJ, February 22, 1814; TJ to Granger, March 9, 1814,
TJP-LC;
JM to TJ, February 13, 1814; TJ to JM, March 10, 1814,
RL
, 3:1737–38, 1740–41. Madison knew about Granger’s betrayal as early as 1812, when Jonathan Dayton wrote to him that Granger was “a most insidious, artful & decided enemy … who was deeply engaged in plans for changing the administration.” Dayton to JM, December 28, 1812,
JMP
-
PS
, 5:530; Ketcham, 568.

24.
Col. John Taylor,
Arator: Being a Series of Agricultural Essays, Agricultural and Political
(Baltimore, 1817), no. 28, “Labour,” 82–86. Ignoring the comments on race, Jefferson, a lifelong student of the science of agriculture, dismissed the work in a letter to John Adams: “As you observe, there are some good things, but so involved in quaint, in far-fetched, affected, mystical conceipts [conceits], and flimsy theories, that who can take the trouble of getting at them?” TJ to Adams, January 24, 1814,
The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams
, ed. Lester J. Cappon (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1959), 421.

25.
Taylor,
Arator
, no. 47, “Hogs, continued”; no. 59, “The Pleasures of Agriculture”; and no. 60, “The Rights of Agriculture,” 140, 180–84.

26.
Tate,
Conservatism and Southern Intellectuals, 1789–1861
(Columbia, Mo., 2005), 58–59, 108–16, 133; Susan Dunn,
Dominion of Memories: Jefferson, Madison, and the Decline of Virginia
(New York, 2007), 38–39; S. Potter to JM, February 13, 1813,
PJM-PS
, 5:650–52.

27.
Lynch to TJ, December 25, 1810; TJ to Lynch, January 21, 1811,
PTJ-RS
, 3:267–69, 318–20.

28.
“Letters of Edward Coles—Second Instalment: Edward Coles to Thomas Jefferson,”
William and Mary Quarterly
7 (April 1927): 97–98.

29.
TJ to Coles, August 25, 1814; Coles to TJ, September 26, 1814,
TJP-LC;
Andrew Burstein,
Jefferson’s Secrets: Death and Desire at Monticello
(New York, 2005), 136–38.

30.
Paul A. Gilje,
Liberty on the Waterfront: American Maritime Culture in the Age of Revolution
(Philadelphia, 2004), 169–74; Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War
, 370.

31.
Hickey,
War of 1812
, chap. 8; Latimer,
1812
, 232–37.

32.
Latimer,
1812
, 301–3; JM to TJ, May 10, 1814,
RL
, 3:1742–43.

33.
Hickey,
War of 1812
, 195–202; Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War
, 393–99, 407–11; Ketcham, 573–74; Brant, 6:271–72; Gerry to JM, July 17, 1814,
JMP-LC.

34.
Hickey,
War of 1812
, 197–98; Horsman,
War of 1812
, 198–200; Latimer,
1812
, 309–15.

35.
Latimer,
1812
, 315–20.

36.
Baltimore Patriot
, August 25 and September 2, 1814.

37.
Delaware Gazette
[Wilmington], September 1, 1814.

38.
New Hampshire Sentinel
[Keene], September 3, 1814.

39.
Brant, 6:307–8;
National Intelligencer
, August 30, 1814.

40.
Latimer,
1812
, 323–24; Ketcham, 581–86; Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War
, 420–23; Skeen,
John Armstrong, Jr.
, 189–90, 199–200. Among the reasons Madison and Monroe had to distrust Armstrong in 1814 was that he blatantly opposed negotiations with London and wished to continue the war regardless of changing circumstances.

41.
Jones to Dallas, September 15, 1814, George M. Dallas Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

42.
Alexandria Gazette
, September 8, 1814;
Boston Spectator
, September 3 and 10, 1814.

43.
Federal Republican
, September 9 and November 29, 1814.

44.
Harry Ammon,
James Monroe: The Quest for National Identity
(Charlottesville, Va., 1990), 337.

45.
A little over a year before, Jefferson had discussed his views on finance with both Monroe and Jack Eppes, but not with Madison, perhaps for the same reason that Madison had initially withheld from Jefferson his concurrence with Gallatin’s recommendation that a new national bank be established. After he finally read one of Jefferson’s letters to Monroe (at Jefferson’s suggestion), Madison understood what Jefferson wanted: Treasury bills, backed by taxes, to be used as a circulating medium. See JM to TJ, October 10 and October 23, 1814; TJ to JM, September 24 and October 15, 1814,
RL
, 3:1744–51; Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War
, 376–78. It is worth noting that in William Jones’s September 15 letter to Alexander Dallas, cited above, Jones observed: “The President is virtuous, able, and patriotic, but finance is out of his reach.”

46.
What Tompkins told Madison was slightly different from what he really felt: he said he thought he could serve the nation better by remaining in Albany. See Ray W. Irwin,
Daniel D. Tompkins: Governor of New York and Vice President of the United States
(New York, 1968), esp. 186–91; Daniel D. Tompkins,
Free Trade and Sailor’s Rights! An Address to the Independent Electors of the State of New York
(Albany, N.Y., 1813); Ammon,
James Monroe
, 336–38.

47.
Gallatin to Alexander Dallas, August 20, 1814, George M. Dallas Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

48.
Ketcham, 589–90; Coles to JM, November 23, 1814,
JMP-LC.

49.
Philip S. Klein, ed., “Notes and Documents: Memoirs of a Senator from Pennsylvania: Jonathan Roberts, 1771–1854,”
Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
62 (July 1938): 372.

50.
Waterhouse to TJ, February 17, 1813,
PTJ-RS
, 5:640–42.

51.
Nicholas to JM, November 11, 1814; JM to Nicholas, November 25, 1814,
JMP-LC;
Burstein,
Jefferson’s Secrets
, 71. Jefferson Randolph married Jane Hollins Nicholas in March 1815.

52.
Samuel Eliot Morison,
Harrison Gray Otis, 1765–1848: The Urbane Federalist
(Boston, 1969), 327, 336–43; Edmund Quincy,
Life of Josiah Quincy of Massachusetts
(Boston, 1869), 348–49. By the time the Hartford Convention was about to meet, Randolph was expressing a more skeptical attitude. See Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War
, 479.

53.
Morison,
Harrison Gray Otis
, 353–82; Quincy,
Life of Josiah Quincy
, 357–58; Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War
, 481–82.