Marketplace of the Marvelous (55 page)

medical shows and lectures, 195–96

medical societies: African Americans in, 20; chartering, 16, 108; homeopathic, 137; on homeopathy, 129–30; lobbying by, 245; and manual medicine, 237; women in, 19

medicine vs. food, 124

Medico-Chirurgical College, 243

Melville, Herman, 73

Memoir on the Discovery of Animal Magnetism
(Mesmer), 152

Mencken, H. L., 237–38

mental disorders, 171

mental healing systems, 179

mentalistic theory of disease, 170–73

mercury poisoning, 6, 8–9, 198

Mesmer Franz Anton, 145,
146
, 148–57; and Charles-Nicolas Deslon, 153; disciples of, 154; early theories and experimentation of, 148–51; investigation of methods of, 155–57; legacy of, 180; and Marie Antoinette, 155, 164; and Maria Theresia Paradis, 151–52; public appearances by, 152–53

mesmeric somnambulism, 158–60, 180

mesmerism, 147–81; in America, 161–73; animal magnetism in, 150–51; baquet in, 152; for childbirth, 166; critics of, 167–68; decline of, 179; of Charles-Nicolas Deslon, 153, 155–57; and Mary Baker Eddy, 147–48, 173–78,
174
; glass armonica in, 151; and homeopathy, 144–45; itinerant practitioners of, 166–67; lack of official recognition of, 154–55; legacy of, 179–81, 259; magnets in, 149–50; medical experiments with, 159–61; of Franz Anton Mesmer, 145,
146
, 148–57, 164, 180; nervous fluids in, 149; and New Thought movement, 178–79; of Mary Gove Nichols, 110; origins of, 148–51; patient accounts of, 153–54; of Charles Poyen, 161–64, 166, 168–69; psychological aspects of, 158–61, 168, 170–73; public displays of, 168–69; of Marquis de Puységur, 157–59, 162, 168, 180; of Phineas Parkhurst Quimby, 147–48,
148
, 169–75, 178–79; religious concerns about, 163–64; sexual overtones of, 164–65; surgery performed with, 160; women in, 165–66

miasms, 124–25

midwifery, Samuel Thomson on, 42

mind cure, 172–73

Moby Dick
(Melville), 73

Monster Brand Snake Oil, 183–84

Montaigne, Michel de, 263

morbid matter, 85

Mott, Elizabeth, 188

Mott, Lucretia, 115

Moulton, Thomas, 212

musculoskeletal pain, 230, 239–40

The Mystery of Edwin Drood
(Dickens), 160

naprapathy, 229

A Narrative of the Life and Medical Discoveries of the Author
(Thomson), 40–41

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 256

National Institutes of Health, 136–37, 256, 265

natural healing power, 9, 122–23, 217, 228, 264

natural ingredients, 2

natural remedies, 13, 26, 255; hydropathy as, 107, 112; in Thomsonism, 30, 35–36, 41, 48, 49

Neal, Mary Sargeant.
See
Nichols, Mary Gove

nervous fluids, 149

nervous system: in homeopathy, 124; in mesmerism, 149, 150, 168, 171; in osteopathy, 216; in phrenology, 57, 58, 78

Neurocalometer, 229

neuropathy, 229

New England Magazine
on phrenology, 61–62

New Guide to Health
(Thomson), 39–40, 41, 49

New Lebanon Springs Water Cure, 99

New Thought movement, 178–79

New York Doctors' Riot (1788), 14–15

New York Hydropathic School, 102

New York Medical Society, 237

New York Museum of Natural History and Science, 169

New York Observer
on hydropathy, 105

New York Times
: on osteopathy, 233; on patent medicine, 194, 202; on phrenology, 70, 72

Nichols, Mary Gove,
92
; on childbirth, 83–84; early life of, 93; first marriage of, 93; hydropathy practice of, 99, 110; on importance of female doctors, 102–3; lectures and articles by, 99–100; on marriage, 109–10; medical school opened by, 102, 108; mesmerism by, 110; other practices used by,
110
; and Harriet Judd Sartain, 137; second marriage of, 100; on self-care, 101; on sickness, 20–21; on women's health, 93–94, 103

Nichols, Thomas Low, 83–84, 96, 100, 102–3, 108, 109–10

nineteenth century: ailments of, 3, 6; alternative medicine in, 10; botanical medicine in, 24, 44; democratization in, 11–12; eclectics in, 48; irregular vs. regular medicine in, 2–3, 12–13, 244–45; licensure and medical societies in, 245; living conditions in, 3–4; medical gymnastics in, 1; medical training in, 15–16; self-treatment in, 9–10; shortcomings of regular medicine in, 17–18; social reform in, 244; women in medicine in, 18–20, 248–49

nitroglycerine, 128

North American Academy of the Homeopathic Healing Art, 127

Nostrums and Quackery
, 205

Oesterlin, Franziska, 149–50

Office of Alternative Medicine, 256

onsen
(hot springs), 86

opium, 189–90

Organon of the Rational Art of Healing
(Hahnemann), 123

osteopathic lesion, 216–17

osteopathy: appeal of, 230–31, 232–33; blood and Law of the Artery in, 215–16; for childbirth, 218; criticism of, 233–34; dissensions within, 228–29; historical precedents of, 210–13; licensure for, 237; location of lesions in, 216–17; vs. massage, 217; nervous system in, 216; professional journal and association of, 227–28; regulation and lawsuits of, 235–37; schools of, 217–19, 226–27, 238; separate identity of, 238; and spirituality, 214, 215, 222–23, 231; of Andrew Taylor Still, 213–19; “straights” vs. “mixers” in, 228–29; survival of, 238–39, 240; women in, 218

Paget, James, 212

“pain and agony” pitch, 193

Palmer, Bartlett Joshua (B. J.): adjustment technique of, 229; criticism of, 234; as early student of chiropractic, 224; on germ theory, 231; as outsider, 240, 241; and professional organization, 227; school leadership by, 225–26; spirituality of, 222

Palmer, Daniel David,
208
; adjustment technique of, 229; apprenticeship system of, 223–24; charisma and leadership of, 260; chiropractic theory of, 221–22; disagreements with other early chiropractors, 229–30; early life of, 219; “first adjustment” by, 209–10, 220–21; imprisonment of, 236; magnetic healing by, 219–20; and osteopathy,
208
, 218–19; as outsider, 241; recruitment by, 227; school founded by, 224–25; spirituality of, 222, 229–30, 231; struggles with son, 225; and subluxation, 223

Palmer Chiropractic School and Cure, 224–26

Paracelsus, 149

Paradis, Maria Theresia, 151–52

Paré, Ambroise, 211

Parsons, Mae, 224

patenting: of patent medicines, 186; by Samuel Thomson, 37–38, 49–50

patent medicine, 3, 183–207; advertising of, 184, 185,
185
, 188, 191–94, 199, 201, 207; of Charles Came, 196–97; during Civil War, 189–90; in Colonial America, 184; critics of, 205; in early nineteenth century, 185–86; itinerant sellers of, 197; in late nineteenth century, 190; medical shows and lectures on, 195–96; in mid-nineteenth century, 189–90; and patenting, 186; of Lydia Pinkham,
182
, 186–88, 191–93, 197–202; vs. regular medicine, 199–203; regulation of, 205–7; of Reinhardts, 193–94, 198–99, 203, 206; snake oil as, 183–84; success of, 203–5; women in, 191–92, 197–98

“pathies,” 48

Patterson, Mary.
See
Eddy, Mary Baker

Paxson, Minora, 224

Peabody, Elizabeth, 133

Peale, Ruben, 169

Peck, David Jones, 20

penicillin, 250

Pennsylvania State Homeopathic Society, 137

Pennsylvania State Medical Society, 201

Perkins, Elisha, 38

Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart, 135

Phrenological Cabinet, 66–67

phrenology, 53–81; animal vs. human traits in, 56, 67; arrival in United States of, 60–61; and brain function, 78–80; coining of term, 58; of George Combe, 62–64; and criminals, 55–56, 57, 60, 63; criticism of, 75–77; decline of interest in, 78; educational applications of, 62–63, 68; of Fowlers, 64–68, 80–81; of Franz Joseph Gall, 54–59, 78–79; head casts in, 55–56, 67; head readings in, 53, 69; innate human faculties in, 56, 59, 64–65; itinerant practitioners of, 68–69; legacy of, 258–59; marriage based on, 53–54, 63, 71; moral values in, 58; and “natural vitality,” 62; outlier cases in, 57–58; phrases based on, 74; popularity and influence of, 60–61, 63–64, 77–78; and potential for change, 58–59, 60–61; practical advice based on, 70–71; of public figures, 71–72; and racial stereotyping, 67; of Johann Spurzheim, 58–62; support for, 61–62; and Emanuel Swedenborg, 56–57; Mark Twain's account of, 4–6, 74–75; Walt Whitman and, 73–74; women in, 66; in writing, 72–73

Physio-Medical College, 47

Pinkerton, Allan, 72

Pinkham, Daniel, 187, 188, 191

Pinkham, Isaac, 187

Pinkham, Lydia Estes,
182
; advertising by, 191–93; advice by, 197–98; critics of, 199; early life of, 186–87; endorsement by regular doctors of, 200–201; family business of, 190–91, 206; first sales by, 187–88; home remedies of, 187, 202; ingredients used by, 188, 190; pamphlets by, 194; patents by, 188; women as customers of, 191–92

Pinkham, Will, 188

placebo effect, 263–65

Poe, Edgar Allan, 73, 99–100

Poyen de Saint Saveur, Charles, 161–64, 166, 168–69

Practical Instruction in Animal Magnetism
(Deleuze), 165

prepayment system of Samuel Thomson, 35–36, 38–39, 50

prescription in hydropathy, 99

preventative health care, 259

Priessnitz, Vincent, 84–89, 106

Primitive Physick
(Wesley), 10, 87, 230

Principles of Psychology
(James), 69

provings in homeopathy, 119–20

psora, 124–25

psychological aspects of mesmerism, 158–61, 168, 170–73

psychological origin for disease, 170–73

psychosomatic disorders, 170

public health, 245–46

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906), 205–6, 207

purging, 7, 8, 31

Puységur, Marquis de (Armand-Marie-Jacques de Chastenet), 157–59, 162, 168, 180

quacks and quackery, 2–3, 15, 16–17; AMA and, 245; homeopathy as, 133, 140; manual manipulation as, 212, 233, 234, 239; patent medicine as, 184, 196, 199, 200, 201, 203, 205; phrenology of, 77; and renewed interest in irregular medicine, 254; Thomsonism as, 39

Quimby, Phineas Parkhurst, 147–48,
148
, 169–75, 178–79

quinine, 3, 117

Race, Victor, 157–58

Rapport des Commissaires
, 157

“Rattlesnake King,” 183

Reagan, Ronald, 226

reform movements, 11–12, 257–58

regular medicine: advances in, 244–45; African Americans in, 20; ambivalence toward, 262; bureaucracy of, 251; choice to use, 18; disillusionment with, 253; doctor-patient relationship in, 252; efficacy of, 17–18; fragmentation into specialties of, 252; “heroic” approaches to, 7–9, 13, 18; high cost of, 253, 256; Oliver Wendell Holmes on, 17; influence of irregular medicine on, 258–59; vs. irregular medicine, 2–3, 12–13; licensing requirements for, 245; loss of status by, 14–15; poor training in, 15–16; and public health, 245–46; shortcomings of, 17–18; similarities between irregular and, 259–60; view of irregular medicine of, 16–17; women in, 18–19, 102–3, 248–49; wonder drugs of, 251–52

Reinhardt, Willis and Wallis, 193–94, 198–99, 203, 206

rheumatism, 230

riots, 14–15

risk taking, 257–58

Rockefeller Foundation, 247

Roosevelt, Theodore, 234

Round Hill House, 95

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 105

Rush, Benjamin, 9, 14, 27, 38, 87, 221

sanitation, 245–46

Sappington, John, 2–3

Sartain, Harriet Judd, 137

scarificator, 7

scarlet fever, 134–35

science: laboratory, 140; medical, 15, 17, 139, 245; and medical practice, 260; of mind, 54–55, 59, 64; public interest in, 195

Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures
(Eddy), 175, 176

“Science of Health” (Quimby), 173

scientific shows, 195–96

Scoresby, William, 153–54

Scultetus, Johannes, 211

self-treatment, 9–10

Seward, William, 133

Sewell, Thomas, 75

sexual dysfunction, 193, 198–99

sexually transmitted diseases, 193

Shay, Timothy, 164–65

Shepherd, J. P., 45–46

Shew, Joel, 89

Short's Medica Britannica
(Franklin), 26

showers, 105

similars, law of, 117–18

Similia similibus curantur
, 117–18

Sinclair, Upton, 205

small doses in homeopathy, 118–19, 121–22

smallpox vaccine, 44, 118

Smith, E., 9–10

Smith, Elizabeth, 97, 115

Smith, J. Dickson, 35

Smith, Oakley, 224–25

Smith, William, 217

snake oil, 3, 183–84

snake venom, 127

social movements, 257

Society of Universal Harmony, 154

somatoform disorders, 170

somnambulism, 158–60, 180

spa therapy, 86–87

specialties in regular medicine, 252

spiritualist movement, 173–74, 179

Spurzheim, Johann, 58–62

Stanley, Clark, 183

Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 97,
114
, 115–16, 133, 144

STDs, 193

steam baths, 31

Still, Andrew Taylor: on blood and Law of the Artery, 215–16; diagnostic techniques of, 216–17; early life of, 213; loss of confidence in medicine, 213–14; as magnetic healer, 214; as medical circuit rider, 214–15; on nervous system, 216; and origin of osteopathy, 214–15; on osteopathic charlatans, 226; on osteopathy vs. massage, 217; school opened by, 217–19, 227; spirituality of, 214, 215, 222–23, 231; as “straight” vs. “mixer,” 228–29

Still, Charles, 235–36

Stille, Alfred, 250