Medieval Hunting (28 page)

35.   Charles Lethbridge Kingsford, (ed.),
The Stonor Letters and Papers, 1290–1483
, Camden Society, 3rd Series, Vol. XXX, Vol. II, (London, 1919), p. 106 269 and p. 110 274.

36.   H & H, pp. 63, 260–5.

37.   Roger B. Manning,
Hunters and Poachers
(Oxford, 1993), p. 10.

38.   MG, 1904, p. 142.

39.   J.A. Burrow (ed.),
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
(Harmondsworth and London, 1972), p. 55, l. 1378.

40.   Anne Rooney (ed.),
The Tretyse off Huntyng
, Scripta 19 (Brussels, 1987), p. 53, l. 183 and p. 77.

41.   Twiti,
The Art of Hunting, 1327
, ed. Bror Danielsson, p. 40, fol. 37, ll. 13, 14, 15.

42.   
Ibid.
, p. 42, fol. 37, ll. 57–8.

43.   MG, 1904, p. 137.

44.   H & H, p. 204: Herons and bitterns were thought to have restorative properties; according to the
Tacuinum Sanitatis
, cranes were first hung and then eaten by people who performed physical labour.

45.   PTA, p. 8, vi, ll. 220–5.

46.   H & H, pp. 192–3.

47.   
Ibid.
, p. 241.

48.   Ldc, 616: Trapping wolves: Ch. 63, fol. 107, Ch. 66, fol. 108v., Ch. 67, fol. 109, Ch. 68, fol. 110, Ch. 69, fol. 110v. Trapping bears: Ch. 62, fol. 106v. Trapping wild boar: Ch. 61, fol. 105v, Ch. 64, fol. 107v.

49.   H & H, p. 242.

50.   R.E. Latham,
Revised Latin Word-List from British and Irish Sources
(Oxford, 1965; repr. 1989), p. 125.

51.   Bible, King James's Version, Proverbs 30: 24, 26.

52.   Mark Bailey,
A Marginal Economy? East Anglian Breckland in the Later Middle Ages
(Cambridge, 1989), pp. 129–31.

53.   MG, 1904, p. 125.

54.   
Ibid.
, p. 41.

55.   London, British Library,
Queen Mary's Psalter
, Royal MS 2 B. VII, fol. 155v. In contrast, fol. 156 shows female beaters putting up hares from their forms (lies). These animals are easily differentiated from conies by their larger size and longer ears.

56.   MG, 1909, pp. 63 and 261.

57.   Grant Uden,
A Dictionary of Chivalry
(Harmondsworth, 1968; repr. 1977), p. 82.

58.   Compton Reeves, ‘The Sumptuary Statute of 1363: A look at the aims and effectiveness of English legislation on diet and clothing',
Medieval Life, The Magazine of the Middle Ages
, Issue 16, Winter 2001/2, (Gilling East, York), p. 17.

59.   
Ibid.
, p. 17.

60.   Bailey,
A Marginal Economy?
, p. 186.

61.   Reeves, ‘The Sumptuary Statute of 1363' p. 17.

62.   Charles MacKinnon,
The Observer's Book of Heraldry
(London and New York, 1966; repr. 1975), p. 40.

63.   Oliver Rackham,
The History of the Countryside
(London, 1986; repr. 1993), p. 35.

64.   MG, 1909, p. 67.

65.   Reeves, ‘The Sumptuary Statute of 1363', p. 17.

66.   Marcelle, Thiébaux,
The Stag of Love
(Ithaca and London, 1974), p. 22.

67.   Rackham,
History of the Countryside
(London, 1986; repr. 1993), p. 34.

68.   Manning,
Hunters and Poachers
, p. 11.

69.   Birrell, p. 81.

70.   MG, 1909, p. 261.

71.   Manning,
Hunters and Poachers
, p. 11.

72.   Kurt G. Blüchel,
Game and Hunting
(Cologne, 1997; English version, 2000), p. 216, pl. p. 217.

73.   Colin McKelvie,
Snipe and Woodcock, Sport and Conservation
(Shrewsbury, 1996), p. 190.

74.   François Villon,
Selected Poems
, trans. Peter Dale (London, 1978, repr. 1988); ‘The Testament', stanza 68, p. 91.

75.   Ldc, Tilander, p. 55, fol. 4v, ll. 35–7:

Ore te proveray comme veneurs vivent en cest monde plus joyeusement que autre gent, quar, quant le veneur se lieve au matin, il voit la tres doulce et belle matinee et le temps cler et seri et le chant de ces oyselez, qui chantent doulcement, melodieusement et amoure usement, chascun en son langage, du mieulz qu'il peut, selon ce que nature li aprent. Et, quant le solleill sera leve, il verra celle doublce rousee sur les raincelez et herbetes, et le soleill par sa vertu les fera reluire; c'est grant plaisance et joye au euer du veneur.

76.   PTA, Prologue, p. 1, ll. 7–14.

77.   
Ibid.
, pp. 17–20.

78.   Ldc, Tilander, p. 251, fol. 83, l. 9–11:

C'est bonne chasce que du cerf, quar c'est belle

chose bien quester un cerf, et belle chose le

destourner, et belle chose le laissier courre et

belle chose le chacier, et belle chose le

rachacier, et belle chose les abais, soient en

yaue ou en terre, et belle chose la cuirie, et

belle chose bien l'escorchier et bien le deffere

et lever les droiz, et belle chose et bonne la venaison.

79.   MG, 1904, pp. 7–8.

80.   Ldc, Tilander, p. 251, fol. 83, ll. 9–11:

Et comme j'ay dit au commencement de mon livre que bons veneurs vivent longuement et joyeusement, et, quant ilz muerent, ilz vont en paradis, je veuill ensigner a tout homme d'estre veneur, ou en une maniere ou en autre, mes je di bien que, s'il n'est bon veneur, il n'entrera ja en paradis.

81.   Birrell, pp. 84–5.

82.   Maurice Keen,
English Society in the Later Middle Ages 1348–1500
(London, 1990), p. 186.

Chapter Two

1.   Dalby, p. v.

2.   
Tristan
, p. 11.

3.   
Ibid.
, p. 11.

4.   Pisanello, p. 80.

5.   
Ibid.
, p. ix.

6.   Roger B. Manning,
Hunters and Poachers
(Oxford, 1993), pp. 4 and 5.

7.   
The Paston Letters
, ed. Norman Davis (Oxford, 1963, 1983; reissued 1999), p. xiii.

8.   
Ibid.
, p. xx.

9.   
Ibid.
, pp. 215 and 217.

10.   Marcelle Thiébaux,
The Stag of Love
(Ithaca and London, 1974), p. 21.

11.   Frederick II of Hohenstaufen,
The Art of Falconry, being the De Arte Venandi cum Avibus
, trans. and ed. Casey A. Wood and F. Marjorie Fyfe (Stanford, 1943; repr. 1955), p. 476.

12.   Modus: Tilander, p. liii.

13.   Ldc, 616, fol. 5.

14.   MG, 1909, p. xi.

15.   Dr Franz Neiderwolfsgruber,
Kaiser Maximilians I. Jagd und Fischereibücher
(Innsbruck, 1965; ed. 1992), pp. 5–12.
Der gross Weidmann
means ‘the great sportsman'.

16.   
Tristan
, p. 11.

17.   Gaston Phébus,
Le Livre de la chasse
, presentation et commentaries de Marcel Thomas (Paris, 1986), p. 19.

18.   MG, 1909, Ch. 1, The Prologue, p. 1.

19.   MG, 1904, p. 113.

20.   MG, 1909, pp. 2 and 1.

21.   BSA, facsimile edn, p. 5.

22.   
Ibid.
, aii,
The Boke of Hawking
.

23.   
Ibid.
, ei,
The Boke of Hunting
.

24.   Manning,
Hunters and Poachers
, p. 12.

25.   George Turbervile,
The Booke of Faulconrie or Hauking, London, 1575
, facsimile edn, (Amsterdam and New York, 1969), frontispiece. It is now generally accepted that
The Noble Arte of Venerie or Hunting, 1575
, was written by George Gascoigne, rather than George Turbervile. See Manning,
Hunters and Poachers
, p. 148, pl. 4. This may or may not also apply to
The Booke of Faulconrie or Hauking
.

26.   
Ibid.
, Dedication.

27.   
Ibid.
, p. 372.

28.   H & H, p. 234.

29.   Anne Rooney (ed.),
The Tretyse off Huntyng
, Scripta 19, Mediaeval and Renaissance Texts and Studies (Brussels, 1987), p. 39.

30.   A.R. Myers (ed.),
English Historical Documents, 1327–1485
(London, 1969). See
569
, ‘The lower orders are not to be allowed to hunt, 1390', p. 1004.

31.   Manning,
Hunters and Poachers
(Oxford, 1993), anonymous quote, p. 4.

32.   Izaak Walton and Charles Cotton,
The Complete Angler
, Vol. 1 (Chiswick, 1826), p. 89.

33.   Royal Commission on Historical Monuments, England, MCMLXVIII,
An Inventory of Historical Monuments in the County of Cambridge
, Vol. 1,
West Cambridgeshire
, pp. 185 and 181.

34.   Anne Rooney,
Hunting in Middle English Literature
(Cambridge, 1993), pp. 194–6.

35.   Pisanello, p. 159.

36.   Ramsgate, The Benedictine Monks of St Augustine's Abbey,
The Book of Saints
(London, 1942, repr. 1989), p. 101.

37.   
Ibid.
, p. 138.

38.   Pisanello, p. 160.

39.   Ldc, 616, Ch. 52, fol. 93 and Ch. 8, fol. 27v.

40.   Pisanello, pp. 160 and 85.

41.   
Ibid.
, pp. 160 and 163.

42.   
Ibid.
, pp. 159 and 160.

43.   
Ibid
., p. 156.

44.   H & H, p. 70.

45.   Michael Camille,
The Medieval Art of Love
(London, 1998), p. 98.

46.   
Ibid
., p.101.

47.   
Ibid.

48.   Derek Brewer,
Chaucer in his Time
(London, 1963), p. 187.

49.   
Ibid
., p. 9.

50.   
Ibid
., p. 10.

51.   H.L. Savage, ‘The Significance of the Hunting Scenes in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight',
Journal of English and Germanic Philology
, Vol. 27 (1928), p. 1.

52.   Rooney,
Hunting in Middle English Literature,
p. 198.

53.   Orme,
From Childhood to Chivalry
(London, 1984), p. 191.

54.   
Ibid.
, pp. 191–2.

55.   Thiébaux,
The Stag of Love
, p. 21.

56.   H & H, p. 189.

57.   Frederick II of Hohenstaufen,
The Art of Falconry
, p. xxv.

58.   H & H, p. 9.

59.   MG, 1909, p. 2.

60.   Frederick II of Hohenstaufen,
The Art of Falconry
, p. xxxv.

61.   Phillip Glasier,
As the Falcon her Bells
(London, 1963), p. 65.

62.   H & H, pp. 196–7.

63.   Alison Hanham (ed.),
The Cely Letters 1472–1488
(London, 1975), p. 29 33, p. 30 33, p. 33 37, p. 36 39.

64.   
Ibid.
, p. 57 63, p. 58 63, p. 59 65.

65.   H & H, p. 195.

66.   Glasier,
As the Falcon her Bells
, p. 219.

67.   H.W.C. Davis (ed.),
Mediaeval England
(Oxford, 1924), p. 338.

68.   Glasier,
As the Falcon her Bells
, p. 65.

69.   H & H, p. 187.

70.   Davis (ed.),
Mediaeval England
, p. 338.

71.   H & H, p. 189; Modus, pp. 173–4.

72.   Glasier,
As the Falcon her Bells
, p. 217.

73.   
Ibid.
, pp. 219 and 222.

74.   William Twiti,
The Art of Hunting: 1327
, ed. Bror Danielsson (Stockholm, 1977), p. 16.

75.   BSA, facsimile edn, two unnumbered folios at end of
The Boke of Hawking
.

76.   Davis, (ed.),
Mediaeval England
, p. 338; H & H, pp. 188 and 189.

77.   H & H, p. 189.

78.   John of Salisbury,
Policraticus
, Bk I, trans. Joseph B. Pike (London, 1938), p. 25. The Church's opposition to hunting and hawking is also mentioned in Anne Rooney's Ph. D. dissertation, p. 9.

79.   H & H, p. 193.

80.   T.H. White,
The Goshawk
(London, 1953), p. 13.

81.   For a discussion on the differing categories of yeoman, see Richard Almond, and A.J. Pollard, ‘The Yeomanry of Robin Hood and Social Terminology in Fifteenth-Century England',
Past
and
Present
, No. 170, February 2001, pp. 54–8.

82.   See T.H. White's
The Goshawk
for the dedicated task of caring for and flying a male goshawk.

83.   H & H, p. 190–94.

84.   Turbervile,
The Booke of Faulconrie or Hauking, London 1575
, pp. 25–6.

85.   
The Complete Works of William Shakespeare
(London, 1944), p. 348.

86.   Ldc, 616, fol. 68; New York, Pierpont Morgan Library,
Le Livre du roy Modus et de la royne Ratio
, fol. 12, stag hunt.

87.   Frederick II of Hohenstaufen,
The Art of Falconry
, p. 280.

88.   
Ibid.
, p. 281.

89.   Chantilly, Musée Condé,
Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berri
, MS 65, Calendar for August, fol. 8v.

90.   New York, Pierpont Morgan Library,
Livre de la chasse
, MS M. 1044, fol. 59: How the hart should be sought and hunted.

91.   London, British Library, MS Egerton 1146: Calendar for November, fol. 12v, and December, fol. 13v.

92.   Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum,
The Hunters in the Snow
.

93.   Arnout Balis, Krista De Jonge, Guy Delmarcel, and Amaury Lefébure,
Les Chasses de Maximilien
(Paris, 1993), p. 10.

94.   Paris, Musée du Louvre,
Les Chasses de Maximilien
, tapestry for December.

95.   Twiti,
The Art of Hunting: 1327
, p. 23.

96.   
Ibid.
, plates after p. 116, nos 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, 14, 17, 18, 19; text pp. 22–3. See also: Sir George Warner (ed.),
Queen Mary's Psalter
(London, 1912).

97.   
Ibid.
, plates after p. 116, nos 1, 2, 7 and 11; text, p. 23.

98.   Ldc, 616, Ch. 28, fol. 56v.

99.   
Ibid.
, Ch. 26, fol. 54.