Modern Islamist Movements: History, Religion, and Politics

Modern Islamist Movements

Modern Islamist Movements

History, Religion, and Politics

Jon Armajani

A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication

This edition first published 2012

© 2012 Jon Armajani

Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell.

Registered Office

John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

Editorial Offices

350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK

The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at
www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell.

The right of Jon Armajani to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents

Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Armajani, Jon.

Modern Islamist movements : history, religion, and politics / Jon Armajani.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-4051-1741-8 (hardcover : alk. paper) – ISBN 978-1-4051-1742-5

(pbk. : alk. paper)

1. Islamic fundamentalism. 2. Islam and politics. I. Title. BP166.14.F85A75 2012

320.557–dc22

2011013770

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

This book is published in the following electronic formats: ePDFs 9781444344363; Wiley Online Library 9781444344394; ePub 9781444344370; mobi 9781444344387

Set in 10/12pt Sabon by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India 1 2012

For Mahvash, Robert Bahman, Lili, Cyrus, Maziar, Barbara, and Siah with love and gratitude

List of Maps viii

Acknowledgments ix

Index 221

List of Maps

A number of people contributed in many ways to the ideas in this book. Several of my professors at the University of California, Santa Barbara provided me with many of the methodological approaches and much of the knowledge that played a significant role in the research and writing of this volume. I am grateful in many ways for the knowledge, advice, and mentorship of Juan E. Campo who was the adviser of my dissertation, which became my first book, Dynamic Islam: Liberal Muslim Perspectives in a Transnational Age. The writing of the dissertation and the process of revising it into a book was one of several sources of inspiration for this volume. I am also grateful to Professor Campo for all the courses in Islam that I took with him, including his Proseminar on Islam in the History of Religions, which focused on a variety of Islamist movements, several of which are discussed in this volume, and for his supervision of my doctoral examination in the Theory and Method for the Study of Religion, which played a considerable role in the methodological underpinnings of this book. I also extend my gratitude to R. Stephen Humphreys for the courses in Islamic and Middle Eastern History that I took with him and for his supervision of my doctoral examination in Political Islam, which provided a framework and substantial content for this volume. I also thank Richard Hecht for his guidance with respect to many areas, including his directing me to resources on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and Dwight Reynolds for his significant role in teaching me Arabic.

I also extend my gratitude to Charles A. Ryerson III, who was my Master’s thesis advisor at Princeton Theological Seminary, for reading drafts of this book as well as his mentorship and the wisdom and advice that he has shared with me with respect to this volume and many other matters. He provided considerable inspiration for my decision to pursue the study of Islam and Religion on a doctoral level; my Master’s thesis, which he supervised, and all of the courses that I took with him at Princeton Seminary,

including his seminar on the Theory and Method for the Study of Religion, have had an influential role in my scholarly life, including the writing of this book. I offer gratitude to James E. Lindsay for his tremendous support and all of the comments that he provided on several drafts of this book, and to Monica M. Ringer for the suggestions that she provided.

I also thank MaryAnn Baenninger, President of the College of Saint Benedict, and Rita Knuesel, Provost of the College of Saint Benedict/Saint John’s University, for their enthusiastic support of my professional work including their encouragement of my work on this volume. I am grateful to many current and former colleagues at the College of Saint Benedict/Saint John’s University, including Kari-Shane Davis Zimmerman, Sister Ephrem Hollermann, OSB, Carol Johannes, Katie Johnson, Father Dale Launderville, OSB, Dan McKanan, John Merkle, Ronald Pagnucco, Sister Mary Reuter, OSB, Catherine Stoch, and Vincent Smiles, for supporting me and this volume in many ways. In addition, the course release that the College of Saint Benedict/Saint John’s University granted me during Spring Semester 2007 and the sabbatical that those institutions provided during the 2010– 2011 academic year offered me some of the time that enabled me to make significant progress on this volume. Nicole Reuter, Jennifer Schwichtenberg, and Sister Stefanie Weisgram, OSB at the College of Saint Benedict and Saint John’s University’s libraries have supported my work in many respects and I thank them for their efforts. Emily Davis, Jesse Folks, Jackie Blonigen, Carley Braegelmann, and Rachel Dols worked hard at assisting me at various stages of this project and I am grateful to them. I also extend my gratitude to Isobel Bainton, Lucy Boon, Sally Cooper, Sarah Dancy, Bridget Jennings, Sarah Pearsall, Hannah Rolls and Jennifer Speake at Wiley- Blackwell for all of their labors during various phases of this project. I am especially grateful to Rebecca Harkin at Wiley-Blackwell for her inspiring and steadfast support of this project, her guidance of the anonymous peer- review processes for this volume, her close reading of the manuscript, and her comments, all of which were of great value and strengthened this book considerably. Finally, I extend my deepest gratitude to my parents Mahvash and Robert Bahman Armajani, my sister-in-law Lili Farhang, my brother Cyrus Armajani, my nephew Maziar Farhang Armajani, and my aunt and uncle Barbara and Siah Armajani, to whom this book is dedicated, for their love, wisdom, support, and encouragement.

Note: Borders in and near Jammu and Kashmir are disputed.

Map 1 The Middle East

Map 2 Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza Strip

xiii

ISRAEL

Israeli Settlement

Armistice Line (1949) [Green Line]

Israeli - Occupied