Muslim Fortresses in the Levant: Between Crusaders and Mongols

Muslim Fortresses in the Levant

During much of the twelfth century the Crusaders dominated the military scene in the Levant. The unification of gypt and Syria by Saladin gradually changed the balance of power, which slowly begun to tilt in favor of the Muslims. This book examines the development and role of Muslim fortresses in the Levant at the time of the Crusaders and the Mongol invasion, situating the study within a broad historical, political and military context.

Exploring the unification of Egypt with a large part of Syria and its effect on the balance of power in the region, Raphael gives a historical overview of the resulting military strategies and construction of fortresses. A detailed architectural analysis is based on a survey of four Ayyubid and eight Mamluk fortresses situated in what are today the modern states of Jordan, Israel, Southern Turkey and Egypt (the Sinai Peninsula). The author then exploes the connection between military architecture and the development of siege warfare and examines the influence of methods of rule on the concept of defence and the development of fortifications.

Drawing upon excavation reports, field surveys and contemporary Arabic sources, the book provides the Arabic architectural terminology and touches on the difficulties of reading the sources. Detailed maps of the fortresses in the region, the Mongol invasion routs, plans of sites and photographs assist the reader throughout the book, providing an important addition to existing literature in the areas of Medieval Archaeology, Medieval military history and Middle Eastern studies.

Kate Raphael
is a postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Earth and Sciences at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. She received her PhD in Medieval Islamic studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and her research currently focuses on environmental disasters in the Medieval Middle East.

Culture and Civilization in the Middle East

General Editor: Ian Richard Netton
Professor of Islamic Studies, University of Exeter

This series studies the Middle East through the twin foci of its diverse cultures and civilisations. Comprising original monographs as well as scholarly surveys, it covers topics in the fields of Middle Eastern literature, archaeology, law, history, philosophy, science, folklore, art, architecture and language. While there is a plurality of views, the series presents serious scholarship in a lucid and stimulating fashion.

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Muslim Fortresses in the Levant

Between Crusaders and Mongols

Kate Raphael

Muslim Fortresses in the Levant

Between Crusaders and Mongols

Kate Raphael

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First published 2011
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© 2011 Kate Raphael

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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Raphael, Kate.
Muslim fortresses in the Levant : between crusaders and Mongols / Kate Raphael.
p. cm. – (Culture and civilization in the Middle East ; 23)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Fortification–Egypt–History–To 1500. 2. Military architecture–Egypt–History–To 1500. 3. Siege
warfare–Egypt–History–To 1500. 4. Egypt–History, Military–To 1500. 5. Architecture, Ayyubid–Egypt.
6. Architecture, Mameluke–Egypt. I. Title.
UG435.E3R36 2011
725'.18–dc22
2010007402

ISBN 0-203-84516-1 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN: 978-0-415-56925-5 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-0-203-84516-5 (ebk)

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