Nationalism and Culture (103 page)

Cuvier, Georges Leopold, 304, see Evolution.

Cynics, The, 129, 356, 357.

Cyrus, 368.

Czechs, see Hussites.

Dahn, Felix, 73.

Dalling, Lord, 541.

Dalton, John, 355.

Dankl, S., 268.

Dante, Alighieri, 314, 320, 347, 422, 504.

Danton, Georges Jacques, 177, 178, 334, 511, 546.

Darius, 52, 369, 370.

Darre, Walther, 323.

Darwin, Charles, 299, 309; see also Evolution.

Darwin, Erasmus, see Evolution.

Daumier, Honore, see Painting,

Davanzati, Palacio, 422.

David, Louis, see Painting.

Dawes, Charles Gates, 264.

Degoutte, Jean, 262.

De Greef, G., 541.

De Groot, P., 450.

Dehio, Georg, 489, 541.

Dehmel, R., 474.

Delacroix, F. V., 509.

De Man, H., 541.

Demaratos, 369.

Democracy: versus liberalism, 161-163; Rousseau the father of modern democracy, 161-170; and the state, 167-170; and nationalism, 174, 203-204; and socialism, 230, 237-238; and dictatorship, 170-171, 229; the decline of modern democracy, 534-535.

Democritus, 355, 467.

Demosthenes, 326, 371, 449.

Descartes, Rene, see Evolution.

Desiderius, King of the Lombards, 77.

"Deutscher Bund," 211.

INDEX

De Vries, Hugo, 471.

Dewitz, von, 266.

Dhorme, P., 541.

Diagoras of Melos, 352.

Dictatorship: the illusion of, 255-256; and democracy, 170-171; and counterrevolution, 431; from the law to the sword, 180; in Italy and Germany, 248-250; in ancient Rome, 380; and Caesarism, 380; as a transition state, 237-238, 530-532; the lesson of Russia, 530-532; Stalin versus Trotsky, 531; the significance of the trials in Moscow, 531-532; ways everywhere the same, 532.

Diderot, Denis: 152, 157; his conception of freedom, 158-159; his interpretation of nature, 158; Goethe on Diderot, 159; his struggle against authority, 159; on language, 287, 450, 462, 541.

Didon, Henri, 44O.

Diercks, Gustav, 413, 416, 419, 541.

Dillinger & Co., 265.

Diogenes of Appolonia, 352.

Diogenes of Sinope, 1 29, 1 54.

Donaos, 355.

Dostioevsky, Feodor, 320, 436.

Dragomanow, M., 541.

Driesmans, 335, 336.

Dubarry, Madame, 496.

Duhring, Egen, 541, see Race theories.

Dukhobors, The, 56.

Dumas, Alexandre, 320.

Duns, Scotus, 461.

Dupre, F., see Race theories.

Duren & Co., 266.

Diirer, Albrecht, 314, 333, see Painting.

Duroc, Michel, 182.

Diirr, E., 295.

Dylden, H., 459.

"East India Company," 121.

Ebe, Gustav, see Architecture.

Eckermann, J. P., 453.

Eckhart, Meister, 225.

Economic Materialism: science and concepts of history, 24; inadequacy of historical materialism, 23-24; the laws of physical life and the "physics of society," 24-28; the significance of modes of production, 28, 31 ; power as an obstacle to economic development, 28-32, 116-126; the fatalism of "economic necessities" and "historical missions," 35, 37, 195; psychic factors in social life, 31, 32, 35, 36; economic monopolies and the state, 120-123; the belief in the determination of social events and its consequences, 198, 520-522.

Edicts: of liberation, 210; of regulation, 210; of restitution, 124.

Edward IV of England, 120.

Egypt, 48-49, 354, 360, 367, 454, 477, 480, 482-483.

Eichendorff, Joseph, 218.

Einstein, Albert, 454, 459.

Elamites, The, 87.

Elizabeth, Queen of England, I20, 121,

434-Ellis, E., 265. Ellsler, Fanny, 223. Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 149, 183, 405,

541. F.mpedocles, 355, 460. Encyclopaedists, The, 167, 462. Engels, Friedrich, 24, 198, 228, 234,

541, 544-England and the British Empire: hegemony in Europe, 37-38; wars with Napoleon, 37-38; superiority of diplomacy, 38; the reformation, 106; the rebellion of the peasants, 106; Henry VIII and the new Church, 106; Presbyterians and Puritans, 138; the war between Parliament and The Crown, 139; John Pym on the right of the king, 139-140; Dominant political ideas, 138-142; the birth of liberalism, 140-142; British city government,

434-Englander, S., 541. Ennius Quintus, 391. Enrages, The, 57, 178. Enthusiasts of Zwickau, see Sects. Epicurus, 356, 393, 394, 462. Epigenes of Sicyon, 358. Erasmus of Rotterdam, 114. Euclid, 356. Euler, Leonard, 458,

575

Euphorion, 358.

Euphranor of Corinth, 361.

Eupolis, 359.

Euripides, 352, 358, 359, 367.

Evans, Sir A. John, 353, 483.

Evolution, The Theory of: its influence on modern thought, 460; forerunners in antiquity, 460-461 ; the shaping of the idea up to the eve of the French Revolution, 461-464; the Natural History of Buifon, 463; Erasmus Darwin's Zoono7nia, 464; Lamarck's Zoological Philosofhy, 465; influence of political reaction after the Napoleonic wars, 466; Lyell's Principles of Geology, 466; the debate between Cuvier and Saint Hilaire, 466; the doctrine of Charles Darwin and A. R. Wallace, 467-468; influence of Darwin's work on his contemporaries, 468; the theory of the "struggle for existence," 469; Malthus' influence of Darwin, 469; Huxley's theory of social Darwinism, 469-470; Kropotkin's idea of Mutual Aid, 470-471 ; the present status of the theory of Evolution, 471-472.

Ewald, A. C, 541.

Ewers, H. H., 517.

Fabbri, Luce, 541.

Fabbri, Luigi, 541.

Fabricius, Johann of Osteel, 457.

Farabi, Abu Nasr, see Evolution.

Fascism: the climax of nationalistic ideology, 240; its fight against liberal ideas, 240; Mussolini and his political changes, 241-242; G. Gentile, its philosopher, 242-243; and monopoly capitalism, 244; its consequences in Italy and Germany, 249-250; as a political religion, 250-252; Fascism or Communism?—a false conception, 532-534; the actual political tendencies in Russia and in fascist countries, 533; the nationalization of financial institutions and industries in Italy and Germany, 533~534> Spain a victim of fascist power policy, 534-53 5—

Federalism: the revolt of the communities, 90-91 ; the city charters, 90; as the preserver of European culture, 90-92;

the rise of new forms of soci-^l life: guilds, fraternal associations, city confederations, 91-92; the town as a political and social organism, 91-92; the absence of "national consciousness," 92-93; the community of Christendom, 93; the decline of the old city culture and its causes, 93-94; in Spain, 411-418; the Spanish "fueros" and municipalities, 415-416; in Italy, 420-424; its superiority over the present system of representative government, 423-424; 535.

Fenelon, 287.

Ferdinand of Aragon, 30, 97, 414, 417, 418.

Ferdinand II, German Emperor, 124.

Ferguson, A., 142.

Fernando VII, of Spain, 504.

Ferrari, Giuseppe, 541.

Fetishism, 48.

Feudalism: its origin and development, 75-76; the nobility and the centralization of power by the monarchy, 75; in Bohemia, 107, 109; in Spain, 122-123; in France, 118; in Sweden, ill.

Fcuerbach, Anselm, 314, 516.

Feucrbach, Ludwig, 356, 433, 541.

Fichte, J. Gottlieb: 155; personality, 187-190; and Machiavelli, 188; his book TAe Self-contained Cornmercial State, 188-189; ^^^ advocate of state capitalism, 188-189; his Addresses to the German Nation, 189-192; his ideas on national education, 190-191; his belief in the "historical mission of the Germans, 191-192; the forerunner of modern race fatalism, 191-192; his idea of Prussia as the compeller of German unity, 218; his conception of the "Ursprache," 217-218, 288; 194, 198, 205, 208, 211, 219, 220, 221, 235, 276, 442, 543.

Fielding, Henry, 154.

Filmer, Robert, 141.

Finck, F. N., 288.

Firdusi, 347.

Fischart, Johann, 281, 286.

Fischer, Eugen, 319.

Fischer, W., 292.

Flavus, 73.

INDEX

Flores, Juan Jose, 274.

Forbonnais, F., 450.

Ford, Henry, 443, 444.

Forster, Georg, 156, 189.

Foucault, L., 459.

Fouche, Joseph, 181.

Fouque, H. C. de la Motte, 222.

Fourier, Charles, 198, 541; see also Socialism.

Fox, Edward, 265.

Fra Angelico, 422.

Fragonard, J. Honore, see Painting.

France: the Frankish monarchy, 76-78; war against the Albigenses, 29, 70; the development of Absolutism, 116; the Huguenot wars, 116; the economic laws of Colbert, 118-119; the decline of French industry, 119-120J political ideas before the Revolution, 15 7-160; Jacobinism and the centralization of power, 170-178; the new religion of nationalism, 17 5-180; Napoleon the heir to the Revolution, 180-183; France and Germany, 205-212; Napoleon III as the defender of the national minorities, 204-205; Poincare's national policy and the occupation of the Ruhr, 261-263; the monarchy as destroyer of the French folk culture, 428-429; Louis XI the "Spider of Europe," 429; the spirit of Rome, 429; the French Academy, 429; literature and language in the strait-jacket of despotism, 429-430; the regimentation of industry, 430-431; the monarchistic idea of centralization continued by the republic, 431-432.

Francesca, Piero de la, 422.

Francis, German Emperor, 207.

Frangois I, of France, 172, 348, 429.

Frankish empire: the conquests of Clovis, 76; the "most Christian of kings, 76; Pepin the Short and the Pope, 77; Charlemagne, 77; alliance between the Church and the Dynasty, 77-78; Pope and Emperor, 78.

Franklin, Benjamin, 148.

Franks, see Frankish empire.

Frantz, Constantin, 226, 433, 541.

Fraunhofer, Joseph, 459.

Frederic, Leon, 515.

Frederick, Barbarossa, 210.

Freeman, J., 269, 544.

Friedlander, Ludwig, 389, 404, 541.

Friedrich II, German Emperor, 69.

Friedrich II, of Prussia, 56, 81, 118, i86,—

206, 210, 227, 314. Friedrich Wilhelm III, of Prussia, 157,

208, 209. Friedrich Wilhelm IV, of Prussia, 224. Fries, J. F., 196. Fritsch, Th., 335. Fu-hi, 50, 81.

Gabirol, Ibn, 461.

Galiani, F., 450.

Galiffe, J. B., 113.

Galilei, Galileo, 314, 320, 456; see also Copernican Theory.

Gallon, Sir Francis, 367, 420, 541.

Gamarra, Augustin, 274.

Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 59, 205, 231, 243.

Garrido, Fernando, 30, 31, 415, 417* 418, 419, 541.

Gassendi, Pierre, 462.

Gauls, see Frankish empire.

Gauss, Friedrich, 459.

Gautama, 51.

Geffroy, Gustave, 541.

Geibel, E., 191.

Geni, M., 265.

Genovesi, Antonio, 450.

Gentile, Grovanni, 242, 243.

Gentz, Friedrich von, 218, 223, 226, 541.

"Germanias," see Spain.

Germanicus, 71.

Germans: Confederation of the tribes, 71; social organization and private ownership, 71-72; the folk things, 71-72; influence of Roman culture, 72; as Roman soldiers, 72; nobles in Rome, 72; Herman, prince of the Cheruski, 72-73; the "battle of liberation," 72-73; Herman's political ambitions and his assassination, 72-73; migration of the tribes and the foundation of Germanic states in the east and south of Europe, 74; decline of the ancient institutions, 74-76; Caesarism, 76.

Germany: the reformation in, 103-106; the great war of the peasants, 105,

577

124; the "treaty of Liibeck," 124; the failure of Wallenstein, 123-124; Edict of the Restitution, 124; Gustavus Adolphus' invasion and the War of the Thirty Years, 124; the decline of culture, 124-125; a victim of foreign politics, 124; the larger states, 124-125; political ideas in German philosophy and literature, 149-157, 184-199; conditions at the time of the French revolution, 205-207; under foreign rule, 207-211; the collapse of Prussia, 207-208; the cabals of Prussian junkerdom, 207-208; the promises of the princes to the people, 210-211; the "wars of liberation," 211-212; romanticism and its development toward political and social reaction, 213-226; the era of Metternich and the "Holy Alliance," 221-224; the "liberation" under the influence of "foreign ideas," 225-226; political and national unity under Bismarck, 226; under Hitler, 249-250; the reaction to barbarism after the World war, 245-246; Prussian junkers and the heavy industries against the nation, 260-265; the occupation of the Ruhr, 261-262; the treason against the workers and the middle class, 262-264; the princes and the nation, 264; the decline of culture after Bismarck's unification, 433-434; C. Frantz on "Prussian intelligence and its limitations," 433.

Ghirlandajo, Ridolfo, 422.

Gianotti, D., 500.

Gibbon, Edward, 400, 541.

Giesse, F., 245.

Gille, Paul, 542.

Ginghis Khan: an enlightened despot, 5 i ; his empire, 5 I; religion as a means for the conquest of power, 51, 326.

Giorgione, Barbaretti, 422.

Giotto di Bondone, 422.

Girondists, The, 177, 178.

Gleim, J., 155.

Gluck, Christoph, 314.

Gneisenau, A. W. A. von, 208, 209, 211.

Gnostics, The, see Sects.

Gobineau, Arthur, 173, 194; the Arian as the creator of all civilizations, 304—

305; his interpretation of historical evolution, 305-306; democracy and revolution as signs of degeneration of the noble race, 305-306; versus the nation, 306-307; the Catholic and reactionary, 307; his pessimism, 305, 308, 309, 310, 312, 317, 331, 333,

334, 337. 437. 542—

Godwin, William: his work on Social Justice, 147; his views on the state and society, 147; critic of the economic conditions of present society, 147; from political radicalism to libertarian socialism, 148, 149, 158, 167, 230, 236, 542, 544.

Goebbels, Joseph, 319, 328, 338.

Goering, Hermann, 338.

Goethe, Johann W.: personality, 153; Faust, 153-154; maxims on government, 154; on Diderot, 159; on Kant, 185; on the "wars of liberation," 212; in the light of the race theory, 336; on the originality of our thought, 453; on evolution, 464; on the classical and Gothic styles, 475, 476, 284, 286, 314, 319, 320, 337, 359, 372, 433, 436, 460, 466.

Goldman, Emma, 542.

Goldstein, Julius, 194, 441.