Nazi Paris: The History of an Occupation, 1940-1944 (34 page)

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Authors: Allan Mitchell

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48
. FK 757 to Kommandant von Gross-Paris, Kommando-Stab, 26 September 1942, AN Paris, AJ
40
, 897. See Rajsfus,
La police de Vichy
, pp. 75–97; Peschanski,
La France des
camps
, pp. 323–32; and Berlière,
Les policiers français sous l’Occupation
, pp. 29–35.

49
. Some military personnel, transferred from the Russian front to Paris in late 1941, brought with them stories of mass executions in the East. “From then on there was no more incertitude at the Majestic,” writes Bargatzky,
Hotel Majestic
, pp. 101–3. See the chapter entitled “Das Wissen um Auschwitz,” by Meyer,
Täter im Verhör
, pp. 270–98.

Chapter 11: A Turn of Fortune

1
. Hitler to Pétain, 11 and 26 November 1942, AN Paris, AJ
41
, 87. See Robert O. Paxton, “La coupure décisive pour Vichy (novembre 1942). l’État français vassalisé,” in Azéma and Bédarida (eds.),
La France des années noires
, 2:11–39.

2
. MBF, Abt.WWSF, “Kriegstagebuch,” 14–20 November 1942, BA-MA Freiburg, RW 24/5. MVB B (Angers) to MBF, Verwaltungs-Stab, 5 December 1942, AN Paris, AJ
40
, 541. Oberg to Wolff (at the Wolfsschanze), 16 December 1942, BA Berlin, NS 19/2755. MBF, Kommando-Stab, Abt. Ia, “Monatsbericht für Dezember 1942,” 6 January 1943, BA-MA Freiburg, RW 35/289. Stülpnagel to MBF, Kommando-Stab and Verwaltungs-Stab, 10 January 1943, AN Paris, AJ
40
, 450.

3
. Knochen to Himmler, 9 November 1942, BA Berlin, NS 19/3947. Telegram from Knochen to Himmler, 12 November 1942, ibid., 1927. Lischka to Himmler, 1 December 1942, ibid., 2542.

4
. Knochen to RSHA, 11 December 1942, ibid., 1929. Sipo-SD, “Lagebericht für die Zeit vom 26. Nov. bis 9. Dez. 1942,” 16 December 1942, ibid., R 58/ZR 945 A.01. Sipo-SD, “Lagebericht für die Zeit vom 10. bis 31. Dezember 1942,” 6 January 1943, ibid. Sipo-SD, “Lagebericht für die Zeit vom 14. bis 25. Januar 1943,” 30 January 1943, ibid., R 58/7742.

5
. FK 757 (Neuilly) to Kommandant von Gross-Paris, 28 November 1942, AN Paris, AJ
40
, 897. Kommandant von Gross-Paris to MBF, 4 December 1942, ibid. KK 896 (Asnières) to FK 757, 28 December 1942 and 28 January 1943, ibid. FK 757 to Kommandant von Gross-Paris, 28 January 1943, ibid.

6
. KK 896 to FK 757, Abt. Ic, 28 November 1942, ibid. KK 786 (Montrouge) to FK 757, Abt. Ic, 28 November 1942, ibid.

7
. Kommandant von Gross-Paris, “Kommandantur-Befehl Nr. 11,” 28 January 1943, BA-MA Freiburg, RH 36/37.

8
. Kommandant von Gross-Paris to MBF, 4 February 1943, AN Paris, AJ
40
, 897. KK 786 to FK 757, Abt. Ic, 25 February 1943, ibid. FK 757, Abt. VI (Courbevoie) to FK 757, Abt. Ic, 27 February 1943, ibid. KK 896 to FK 757, Abt. Ic, 29 March 1943, ibid.

9
. Telegram from Rahn to Ribbentrop, 25 November 1942, PA-AA Berlin, R 27782. Grosse, “Aufzeichnung” (for Schleier), 27 November 1942, ibid., Paris 1329. DB to Sipo-SD, 24 December 1942, ibid., 2479. Grimm, “Bericht über meine Reise nach Paris vom 14.12.–24.12.1942,” 29 December 1942, ibid., 1330.

10
. For background on the Ambassador's absence from Paris, see Lambauer,
Otto
Abetz
, pp. 568–87.

11
. Hemmen to AA, 23 January 1943, PA-AA Berlin, Paris 2472. Stülpnagel to Schleier, 30 January 1943, ibid.

12
. General von Unruh to Keitel, Lammers, and Bormann, 27 July 1943, BA Berlin, NS 19/342. SS-Standartenführer Wirt to Himmler, 28 July 1943, ibid.

13
. Abetz to AA, 18 December 1943, PA-AA Berlin, Paris 1106 X. See the comments on “Meine neue Mission in Paris” by Abetz,
Das offene Problem
, pp. 267–76.

14
. Stülpnagel to Sauckel, 23 April 1943, AN Paris, AJ
40
, 846. Sauckel to Stülpnagel, 10 August 1943, ibid. Stülpnagel to Sauckel, 12 and 21 August 1943, ibid.

15
. Telegram from Oberg to Himmler, 16 November 1942, BA Berlin, NS 19/1928. MBF, Abt.WWSF, “Kriegstagebuch,” 26–31 December 1942, BA-MA Freiburg, RW 24/5.

16
. Blumentritt (signing for Rundstedt), “Aufgaben und Befugnisse des Höheren SS- und Polizeiführers und der ihm untergestellten Dienststellen im neubesetzten Gebiet,” 6 March 1943, BA Berlin, R 70 Frankreich/12. Oberg, “Aufgaben und Befugnisse des Höheren SS- und Polizeiführers im neubesetzten Gebiet,” 15 April 1943, ibid.

17
. Kommandant von Gross-Paris, Militärverwaltung (Eckelmann) to Lt. General von Boinenburg-Lengsfeld, 23 August 1943, AN Paris, AJ
40
, 539. Medicus, “Vermerk,” 25 August 1943, ibid.

18
. Medicus, “Verhalten der Militärverwaltung im Ernstfall,” 4 March 1943, ibid.

19
. Knochen, “Haltung der französischen Polizei,” 19 August 1943, BA Berlin, R 70 Frankreich/13.

20
. Sipo-SD, S pol II, “Bericht über die gegenwärtige Haltung der französischen Polizei,” 19 August 1943, ibid. MBF, Verwaltungs-Stab, Abt. MVZ, “Lagebericht über Verwaltung und Wirtschaft. Juli/September 1943 mit Beitrag des Wehrwirtschaftsstabs West,” 6 November 1943, BA-MA Freiburg, RW 35/292.

21
. MBF, “Stabsbefehl Nr. 46,” 31 August 1943, AN Paris, AJ
40
, 410. Kommandant von Gross-Paris, Abt. Ia, “Bestrafungen wegen Nichtbefolgerung der Befehle bei Fliegeralarm,” 25 September 1943, PA-AA Berlin, Paris 1123 A.

22
. “Vernichtungsverhandlung,” 20 March 1943, BA-MA Freiburg, RW 49/92. MBF, “Stabsbefehl Nr. 48” and “Stabsbefehl Nr. 49,” 11 and 17 September 1943, AN Paris, AJ
40
, 410. MBF, Verwaltungs-Stab, Abt. MVZ, “Abgabe von Akten und Vorbereitung für ein Ausweichen,” 7 March 1944, BA-MA Freiburg, RW 35/317.

23
. Oberstleutnant Besser, “Regimentsbefehl Nr. 58/43,” 17 November 1943, BA-MA Freiburg, RW 35/317. MBF, Verwaltungs-Stab, “Merkblatt zur Benutzung des Bunkers bei Fliegeralarm,” 1 March 1944, AN Paris, AJ
40
, 852. MBF, “Stabsbefehl Nr. 21/44,” 30 March 1944, ibid., 410.

24
. MBF, Verwaltungs-Stab, Abt. Wi II to Fachreferat Wi II, 6 March 1944, BA-MA Freiburg, RW 35/1420.

25
. Stülpnagel, “Mangel an Haltung,” 16 October 1943, AN Paris, AJ
40
, 451.

26
. MBF, Verwaltungs-Stab (Hofacker), “Regiment Majestic,” 23 February 1944, ibid.

27
. MBF, “Stabsbefehl Nr. 30/44,” 25 May 1944, ibid., 410.

28
. Darnand to Laval, 14 July 1943, BA-MA Freiburg, RW 49/112. MBF, Abt. WWSW West, Gruppe Ic, “Monatsbericht Januar 1944,” 15 February 1944, ibid., RW 24/11. The maximum strength of French Milice forces has been estimated between 15,000 and 25,000. For sketches of Darnand's role in leading them, see Pierre Giolitto,
Histoire de la Milice
, 2nd ed. (Paris, 2002), pp. 102–24, 191–227; Burrin,
La France à l’heure allemande
, pp. 174–79; and Jackson,
France: The Dark Years
, pp. 230–32, 530–31.

29
. MBF, Verwaltungs-Stab, Abt. MVZ, “Lagebericht über Verwaltung und Wirtschaft Oktober/Dezember 1943,” 27 January 1944, BA-MA Freiburg, RW 35/292.

Chapter 12: A Police State

1
. Permilleux, “Résumé de mon entretien avec M. le Lieutenant Rötke [
sic
] et M. Schweblin, 31 avenue Foch, le 23 novembre,” sent by Prefect of Police Bard to Bousquet, 26 November 1942, AN Paris, F
7
, 14895. DB (Bode) to Zweigstelle Vichy, 5 January 1943, PA-AA Berlin, Paris 2454. Stülpnagel to DB, 6 January 1943, ibid., 1279. Schleier to AA, 29 January 1943, ibid., 2474.

2
. Bousquet to Oberg, 13 April 1943, AN Paris, F
7
, 14886. Humm to Leguay, 15 April 1943, ibid. Oberg to DB, 16 April 1943, PA-AA Berlin, Paris 1120 B.

3
. “Procès-verbal. Conférence du 2 juin à 12 h,” 2 June 1943, AN Paris, F
7
, 14886. Bousquet to all regional and departmental prefects, 25 September 1943, ibid., 14897. The Gestapo “would have been impotent without the assistance and, most often, the initiative of the French police,” comment Courtois, Peschanski, and Rayski,
Le sang de l’étranger
, p. 221.

4
. MBF, Abt. WWSW, “Bekämpfung von Fallschirmjägern und Luftlandetruppen im Bereich des Militärbefehlshabers in Frankreich,” 12 February 1943, BA-MA Freiburg, RW 24/9. Prefect of the Loir-et-Cher to Sipo (at Blois), 14 February 1943, AN Paris, F
7
, 14886. Knochen to Leguay, 26 February 1943, ibid., 14889. Knochen to Bousquet, 13 September 1943, ibid.

5
. Bousquet, “Fnote pour Monsieur Leguay,” 26 February 1943, AN Paris, F
7
, 14886. “Fnote pour Monsieur Bousquet,” 14 May 1943, ibid.

6
. Knochen to Bousquet, 31 August 1943, ibid., 14887. Regional Prefect of the Aisne-Ardennes-Oise-Somme to Bousquet, 2 September 1943, ibid., 14886.

7
. Oberg to Bousquet, 9 December 1943, ibid., 14898. See Kasten,
“Gute Franzosen,”
pp. 107–20.

8
. Oberg to Darnand, 2 February 1944, AN Paris, F
7
, 14887. Darnand, “Fnote pour Monsieur le Délégué en Zône Nord du Secrétaire Général au Maintien de l’Ordre,” 11 May 1944, ibid.

9
. Brune (Commissaire de la Voie Publique) to Directeur Général de la Police Municipale, 16 May 1944, ibid., 14886.

10
. “Conférence du samedi 20 mars 1943 aux services de la Police allemande, 74 avenue Foch, Paris,” 20 March 1943, ibid. Laube (Sipo-SD) to Leguay, 26 June 1943, ibid., 14890.

11
. Directeur Général de la Police Nationale, “Fnote pour Monsieur Leguay,” 21 September 1943, ibid., 14890. Bard to Hagen, 25 September 1943, ibid.

12
. Commissaire Divisionnaire des Gares Paris-Est et Paris-Bastille to Préfet Délégué du Secrétaire Général à la Police, 5 October 1943, ibid., 14897. Bousquet to Oberg, 14 October 1943, ibid. Commissaire de Police de la Gare St. Lazare to Commissaire Divisionnaire, 23 October 1943, ibid.

13
. Prefect of Police to Minister of the Interior, 4 January 1944, ibid., 14904. MBF, Verwaltungs-Stab, Abt. MVZ, “Lagebericht über Verwaltung und Wirtschaft Oktober/Dezember 1943,” 27 January 1944, BA-MA Freiburg, RW 35/292. See Kasten,
“Gute Franzosen,”
pp. 124–25.

14
. Knipping to Prefect of Police, 31 January 1944, AN Paris, F
7
, 14900. Ministry of Justice to Ministry of the Interior, 11 February 1944, ibid., 14880. Oberg to Darnand, 25 March 1944, ibid., 14886. Clamoz to all regional and departmental prefects, 2 May 1944, ibid. See Courtois, Peschanski, and Rayski,
Le sang de l’étranger
, p. 10.

15
. Stülpnagel, “Banden- und Sabotagebekämpfung,” 12 February 1944, BA-MA Freiburg, RW 35/551. Darnand to Oberg, 16 March 1944, AN Paris, F
7
, 14898.

16
. Sipo-SD, “Lagebericht,” 16 December 1942, 30 January, 5 March, and 2 August 1943, BA Berlin, R 58/ZR 945 A.01 and 7742. Memo from DB (Krug), 31 October 1943, PA-AA Berlin, Paris 2479. DSA, “Étude sur la question des arrestations en France,” 8 November 1943, AN Paris, AJ
41
, 257. See statistics on mounting violence in 1943 in Hans Luther,
Der französische Widerstand gegen die deutsche Besatzungsmacht
und seine Bekämpfung
(Tübingen, 1957), p. 49.

17
. Prefecture of Police to Ministry of the Interior, 4 January 1944, AN Paris, F
7
, 14904.

18
. List of prisons contained in a police memo, “Seine,” 1944, ibid., AJ
72
, 288.

19
. Police report entitled “Rigueurs policières exagérées,” 8 January 1944, ibid., AJ
41
, 60.

20
. “Statistique des attentats terroristes—mois d’avril,” (?) April 1944, ibid., F
7
, 15312.

21
. Ministry of the Interior, Sous-Direction Technique, “Fnote pour Monsieur le Secrétaire Général au Maintien de l’Ordre,” 3 April 1944, ibid., 14894. “Liste des miliciens et franc-gardes assassinés,” 13 April 1944, ibid., 14896.

22
. “Liste der französischen Eisenbahner, die im Ernstfalle sofort verhaftet werden sollen,” 25 April 1944, BA Berlin, R 124/86. “Mémento de la conférence avec le Président Witgen tenue à la H.V.D.,” 2 May 1944, AN Paris, AJ
72
, 1927. “Eisenbahnbetrieb im Kampffall,” 11 May 1944, BA Berlin, R 124/86.

23
. Oberg to Stülpnagel, 13 May 1944, AN Paris, AJ
40
, 541. “Conférence de presse tenue à l’Ambassade d’Allemagne,” 16 May 1944, ibid., F
7
, 14886. Abetz to MBF (Humm), 20 May 1944, ibid., AJ
40
, 541. Knochen to Stülpnagel, 1 June 1944, ibid.

24
. DSA, “État des personnes condamnées à mort et exécutées par les Autorités allemandes,” (?) November 1942, ibid., AJ
41
, 257. MBF, Kommando-Stab, Abt. Ia (Kossmann), “Monatsbericht für Dezember 1942,” 6 January 1943, BA-MA Freiburg, RW 35/289. DSA, “État des personnes condamnées à mort et exécutées par les Autorités allemandes,” 27 January 1943, AN Paris, AJ
41
, 325. BdS, II pol to Sipo-SD, Abt. IV, 10 February 1943, CDJC Paris, XLV-62
d
. After mid-1942, the execution of hostages played “a lesser role,” confirms Umbreit,
Der Militärbefehlshaber
, pp. 141–42.

25
. Himmler, “Durchführungsbestimmungen für Exekutionen,” 6 January 1943, CDJC Paris, VII-8.

26
. BdS, II pol, “Aktenvermerk. Abtransport von Häftlingen,” 10 February 1943, ibid., XLV-65. “Liste des otages fusillés et incinérés,” 11 August, 21 September, and 2 December 1943, AN Paris, AJ
72
, 260. See Serge Klarsfeld and Léon Tsevery,
Les 1007 fusillés du Mont Valérien parmi
lesquels 174 juifs
(Paris, 1995), p. 5; and Berlière,
Les policiers français
, pp. 202–19.

27
. Umbreit,
Der Militärbefehlshaber
, p. 123.

28
. DSA, “Compte rendu hebdomadaire pour la Zône Nord (occupée),” 4 March 1943, AN Paris, AJ
41
, 325.

29
. Ibid.

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