Never Been a Time (43 page)

4
.
Argus
, July 6, 1917.

5
. Congressional Hearings, 488–92, 210–12, 232–38.

6
. Ibid., 412.

7
. Ibid., 250–60.

8
. Letters from Carlos Hurd to Katherine Cordell Hurd, July 1917, courtesy of Ernest Stadler, in possession of author. Carlos Hurd obituaries,
PD, NYT
, June 9, 1950. See also Carlos Hurd and Frances Hurd Stadler files at the Missouri Historical
Society and Gillespie,
The Titanic Man
. For troop arrivals, see Military Board of Inquiry,
Report to Adjutant General
, 10, and Exhibit D.

9
. Congressional Hearings, 490–92.

10
. Baker,
Josephine
, chap. 1, especially 1–3.

11
. Congressional Hearings, 1072–80.

12
. Ibid., 3100.

13
. Ibid., 775–80.

14
. Ibid., 1150–60.

15
. Ibid., 1056–58, 2041, 2462.

16
. Ibid., 3707–79.

17
. Ibid., 106–16.

1
.
PD
, July 3, 1917.

2
. Congressional Hearings, 1389–99.

3
. Ibid., 109–10.

4
. Ibid., 576.

5
.
PD
, July 3, 1917.

6
. Congressional Hearings, 263–70.

7
. Ibid., 3658.

8
.
PD
, July 3, 1917.

9
. Congressional Hearings, 578.

10
. Ibid., 402, 413–14.

11
. Ibid., 492–95.

12
.
GD
, July 3, 1917.

13
. Congressional Hearings, 2868.

14
. Ibid., 778–81.

15
. Military Board of Inquiry,
Report to Adjutant General
, 10, and Exhibit D; Congressional Hearings, 778–83.

16
. Congressional Hearings, 1309–16;
PD
, Oct. 27, 1917.

17
. Interviews with Terry and Gary Kennedy in St. Louis, Nov. 16, 20, 2007.

18
. Congressional Hearings, 1420–31.

19
. Ibid., 1695–98.

20
.
Republic
, July 3, 1917;
Argus
, July 6, 1917.

21
.
PD
, July 3, 1917.

22
. Ibid.

23
. Congressional Hearings, 267, 597.

24
. Military Board of Inquiry, Fekete testimony, 23–24; Congressional Hearings, 592–97.

25
. Congressional Hearings, 780–84.

26
.
PD
, July 3, 1917.

27
. Congressional Hearings, 384–87, 395–99.

28
. Ibid., 1360–62.

29
. Ibid., 857.

30
. Markham,
Bovard of the Post–Dispatch
, 70, 135–36.

31
. Letters from Carlos Hurd to Katherine Cordell Hurd, July 1917, courtesy of Ernest Stadler, in possession of author.

1
. Congressional Hearings, 933–65.

2
. Military Board of Inquiry,
Report to Adjutant General
, 10, and Exhibit D.

3
. Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 52–53; Congressional Hearings, 1305–13;
PD
, Oct. 27, 1917.

4
. Congressional Hearings, 285–91, 1259–65, 1373–80.

5
. Ibid., 1144–45, 1190–97.

6
. Ibid., 1211–25.

7
.
Journal
, July 5–6, 1917; Schmidt,
Red Scare
, 67–68.

8
. Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 4, 49–50; “Mississippi rarely returns what currents snatch away,”
PD
, March 29, 2002.

9
. Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 49–50; Congressional Hearings, 271;
Report of the Special Committee Authorized by Congress
, 4;
Argus
, July 6, 1917;
Crisis
, Sept. 1917;
PD
, Aug. 15, 1917.

10
. Congressional Hearings, 3636.

11
. Ibid., 3710–15.

12
. Ibid., 1947–61, 2616.

13
. Ibid., 499–500, 539.

14
. Wells–Barnett,
Crusade for Justice
, 383–85.

15
. Foner and Lewis,
The Black Worker
, vol. 5, 307.

16
.
GD
, July 5, 1917.

17
. Wells–Barnett,
A Black Holocaust
, 1–6; Wells–Barnett,
Crusade for Justice
, 383–95.

18
.
PD, NYT
, July 7, 1917; Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 134.

19
.
NYT
, July 5, 1917.

20
.
Chicago Tribune, GD
, July 4, 1917.

21
. Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 58–62.

22
.
Atlanta Constitution
, reprinted,
GD
, July 5, 1917.

23
.
NYT
, July 17, 1917.

24
.
Survey
, Aug. 18, 1917, 447–48.

25
. Ridge,
The Ghetto and Other Poems
, 80–81.

26
.
Journal
, July 5, 1917.

27
.
Survey
, July 14, 1917, 331–33.

28
. Congressional Hearings, 2039.

29
. Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 95–106.

30
. Lewis,
Biography of a Race
, 536–40;
Argus
, July 13, 1917.

31
. Du Bois,
Oxford W. E. B. Du Bois Reader
, 525–26.

32
. “The Massacre of East St. Louis,”
Crisis
, Sept. 1917.

33
.
Crisis
, March, 1918.

34
.
NYT
, July 29, 1917; Lewis,
Biography of a Race
, 539; Bundles,
On Her Own Ground
, 206–7; Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 134–35.

35
. Morrison,
Jazz
, 53–54.

36
. Bundles,
On Her Own Ground
, 205–12, 270–72.

37
. Schmidt,
Red Scare
, 67–68.

38
. Bundles,
On Her Own Ground
,, 208–9;
Argus
, July 13 and Aug. 10, 1917; Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 138; Kellogg,
NAACP
, 221–32.

39
. Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 96–98;
PD
, Aug. 15–19 and Sept. 9, 1917;
Journal
, Aug. 13–19 and Sept. 9–13, 1917.

40
.
PD, Journal
, Aug. 15, 1917;
Report of the Grand Jury
, 3.

41
.
Report of the Grand Jury
, 1–7.

42
. Congressional Hearings, 3636.

43
.
PD, Journal
, July 3, 1917; McLaugllin,
Power. Community, and Racial Killing
, 187;
Journal
, July 12, 13, 1921.

44
.
Journal
, Aug. 17, 1917.

45
.
PD
, Aug. 15, 1917. “Brockway, Richard,” Biographical Sketch Index, Belleville Public Library, Belleville, Ill.
People v. Richard Brockway, et al
. Note: The transcript of the Brockway trial along with many other transcripts from the period of the riot were shredded when the St. Clair County Circuit Court moved to a new building in 1971. Some pre- and post–trial motions and similar records remain.

46
.
Journal
, July 20, 1911;
PD
, Nov. 2, 1917; Congressional Hearings, 280–81.

47
. PD,
GD, Journal
, Aug. 19, 1917; Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 96–97.

48
.
Journal
, Aug. 23, 1917.

49
. Haynes,
A Night of Violence
, 57–60.

50
. Ibid., 83.

51
. Ibid., 86.

52
. Ibid., 296–304.

53
. Lewis,
Biography of a Race
, 539–44; Berg,
The Ticket to Freedom
, 23; Kellogg,
NAACP
, 225; Garvey, “The Conspiracy of the East St. Louis Riots,” 300–301.

54
. Bundles,
On Her Own Ground
, 212, 270–72.

1
.
Argus
, Oct. 5, 1917.

2
.
PD
, Oct. 1–8, 1917; Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 112–15.

3
.
PD
, Oct. 8–13;
GD
, Oct. 9–14; Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 102–32.

4
.
PD
, Oct. 18–19, 1917;
Journal
, Oct. 16–18, 1917.

5
.
PD
, Oct. 18, 1917.

6
.
PD
, Oct. 23, 1917.

7
.
PD
Journal
, Nov. 13–27, 1917.

8
.
Journal
, Dec. 9, 1917.

9
. Ibid., Feb. 6, 1918;
Argus
, Feb. 8, 1918; Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 98–99.

10
. Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 95–106.

11
. Congressional Hearings, 3649.

12
.
PD
, Oct. 18, 1917.

13
. Congressional Hearings, 125–40, 4185–90.

14
. Ibid., 1855.

15
.
PD
, Oct. 29, Nov. 10, 1917.

16
. Congressional Hearings, 1866–70, 1902–6, 3532–34;
PD
, Nov. 6, 1917.

17
.
PD
, Nov. 8, 9, 1917.

18
. Congressional Hearings, 3248–78, 3300, 3344, 3390;
PD
, Nov. 8, 1917.

19
.
Report of the Special Committee
, 1–10.

20
. Congressional Hearings, 1229; Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 50.

21
.
Report of the Special Committee
, 11–24.

22
.
GD, Journal
, Oct. 12–14, 1917;
PD
, March 20, 1919; Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 119–23.

23
.
Journal
, Nov. 26, 1917; Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 188–90.

24
. Du Bois, “Leroy Bundy,” 16–21; Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 122–23.

25
. Du Bois, “Leroy Bundy,” 19–21; Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 123;
Defender
, Sept. 14, 1918.

26
.
PD
, March 20–28, 1919.

27
.
The Trial of Leroy Bundy
, 251–303;
PD
, March 21, 1919.

28
.
The Trial of Leroy Bundy
, 861–83, 994–1062, 1106–32.

29
.
PD
, March 28, 1919; Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 122–31; Bundy obituary,
Journal
, June 8, 1943.

30
. Du Bois, “Leroy Bundy,” 16;
NYT
, June 9, 1936.

31
. Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 165. –(J)”

32
.
GD
, April 5, 1918.

33
.
NYT
, July 27, 1918; Kellogg,
NAACP
, 228.

34
. Franklin, “The Philadelphia Race Riot of 1918,” 316–28;
NYT
, July 29, 1918.

35
. Johnson,
Writings
, 511–12.

36
. Tuskegee Lynching Statistics, Tuttle,
Red Summer
, 14;
NYT
, Oct. 5, 1919.

37
. Johnson,
Writings
, 512–13; Tuttle,
Red Summer
, 14; Henri,
Black Migration
, 321.

38
. “Race Riot of 1919 Gave Glimpse of Future Struggles,”
Washington Post
, March 1, 1999.

39
. Tuttle,
Red Summer
, 3–10, 75–76, 238–40.

40
.
Crisis
, Sept. 1919.

41
. Berg,
The Ticket to Freedom
, 23; NAACP,
Thirty Years of Lynching
, 5–8.

42
. Johnson,
Writings
, 530–50.

43
.
NYT
, June 14, 19, 2005.

44
. Hirsch,
Riot and Remembrance
, 38, 77–113, 117–19.

1
. Congressional Hearings, 3202; Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 161.

2
. McLaughlin,
Power, Community, and Racial Killing
, 10–11; Tuttle,
Red Summer
, 76; Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 165–66, 217–18; Congressional Hearings, 1850–51.

3
. Theising,
Made in
USA, 144.

4
. Congressional Hearings, 3222–23.

5
. Congressional Hearings, 4075–82.

6
. Military Board of Inquiry,
Report to Adjutant General
, 5; Mollman testimony, 21. Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 213–15.

7
. Congressional Hearings, 4075–82.

8
. Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 190–96; St. Louis license statistics courtesy of Adele Heagney, reference librarian, St. Louis Public Library.

9
.
Journal
, Sept. 19, 1921.

10
. Ibid., 280–307;
PD
, Nov. 1, 1917.

11
. Horowitz,
The Deadly Ethnic Riot
, 124 and chap. 3.

12
. Ibid., 117.

13
. McLaughlin, “Reconsidering the East St. Louis Race Riot of 1917,” 205–7.

14
. Congressional Hearings, 489.

15
. McLaughlin, “Reconsidering the East St. Louis Race Riot,” 206–7.