Northmen: The Viking Saga AD 793-1241 (59 page)

Fell, C. E. (ed.),
The Viking Age in the Isle of Man
(London, 1983).

Fenton, A. and Pálsson, H. (eds),
The Northern and Western Isles in the Viking World
(Edinburgh, 1984).

Graham-Campbell, J. and Batey, C. E.,
Vikings in Scotland: an Archaeological Survey
(Edinburgh, 1998).

Larsen, A.,
The Vikings in Ireland
(Roskilde, 2001).

Ó Cróinin, D.,
Early Medieval Ireland 400–1200
(London, 1995).

Price, N.,
The Vikings in Brittany
, Viking Society for Northern Research Saga Book 22 (1986
–
9), pp. 319
–
440.

Redknap, M.,
Vikings in Wales
(Cardiff, 2000)

Ritchie, A.,
Viking Scotland
(London, 1993).

Smyth, A. P.,
Scandinavian York and Dublin
(2 vols, Dublin, 1975
–
9).

Smyth, A. P.,
Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 400–1000
(London, 1984).

Wilson, D. M.,
The Vikings in the Isle of Man
(Aarhus, 2008.)

ENGLAND

Abels, R.,
Alfred the Great
(London and New York, 1998).

Brooks, N. P., ‘England in the Ninth Century: the Crucible of Defeat’ in
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
, 5th Series, 29, pp. 1
–
20.

Edwards, B. J. N.,
Vikings in North West England
(Lancaster, 1998)

Hall, R. A.,
Viking Age York
(London, 1994).

Hart, C.,
The Danelaw
(London, 1992).

Lawson, M. K.,
Cnut: England’s Viking King
(Stroud, 2004).

Richards, J. D.,
Viking Age England
(Stroud, 2004).

Scragg, D. G.(ed.),
The Battle of Maldon AD 991
(Oxford, 1991).

Smyth, A. P.,
Scandinavian York and Dublin
(2 vols, Dublin, 1975
–
9).

Stenton, F. M.,
Anglo-Saxon England
(3rd edn, Oxford, 1971).

FRANCIA

Bates, D.,
Normandy before 1066
(London, 1982).

Logan, F. D.,
The Vikings in History
(London, 1983).

McKitterick, R.,
The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians 751–987
(London, 1983).

Nelson, J. L.,
Charles the Bald
(London, 1992).

Wallace-Hadrill, J. M., ‘The Vikings in Francia’ in
ibid.
,
Early Medieval History
(Oxford, 1975).

RUSSIA AND THE EAST

Blöndal, S. and Benedikz, B. S.,
The Varangians of Byzantium
(Cambridge, 2007).

Dolukhanov, P. M., ,
The Early Slavs: Eastern Europe from the Initial Settlement to the Kievan Rus
(London, 1996).

Ellis Davidson, H. R.,
The Viking Road to Byzantium
(London, 1976).

Franklin, S. and Shepard J.,
The Emergence of Rus 750–1200
(Abingdon and New York, 2013).

Martin, J.,
Medieval Russia 980–1584
(Cambridge, 2007).

SHIPS AND SEAFARING

Bately, J. and Englert, A.,
Ohthere’s Voyages
(Roskilde, 2007).

Christensen, A. E. (ed.),
The Earliest Ships: the Evolution of Boats into Ships
(London, 1996).

Crumlin-Pedersen, O.,
Aspects of Maritime Scandinavia AD 200–1200
(Roskilde, 1990).

Crumlin-Pedersen, O.,
Archaeology and the Sea in Scandinavia and Britain
(Roskilde, 2010).

Haywood, J.,
Dark Age Naval Power
(2nd revised edn, Hockwold-cum-Wilton, Norfolk, 1999).

Short, W. R.,
Viking Weapons and Combat Techniques
(Yardley, 2009).

Unger, R. W. (ed.),
Cogs, Caravels and Galleons: the Sailing Ship 1000–1650
(London, 1994).

Williams, G.,
The Viking Ship
(London, 2014).

MILITARY

Griffith, P.,
The Viking Art of War
(London, 1995).

Harrison, M.,
Viking Hersir
(London, 1993).

Lund, N., ‘Danish Military organisation’ in J. Cooper (ed.),
The Battle of Maldon, Fiction and Fact
(London, 1993).

Nørgård Jørgensen, A. and Clausen, B. L. (eds),
Military Aspects of Scandinavian Society in a European Perspective, AD 1-1300
(Publications from the National Museum, Studies in Archaeology and History Vol 2, Copenhagen, 1997).

Short, William R.,
Viking Weapons and Combat Techniques
(Yardley, Pennsylvania, 2009).

Siddorn, J. K.,
Viking Weapons and Warfare
(Stroud, 2000).

MYTH AND RELIGION

Crossley-Holland, K.,
The Penguin Book of Norse Myths
(London, 2011).

DuBois, T. A.,
Nordic Religions in the Viking Age
(Philadelphia, 1999).

Ellis Davidson, H. R.,
Gods and Myths of Northern Europe
(Harmondsworth, 1964).

Page, R. I.,
Norse Myths
(London, 1990).

Turville-Petre, E. O. G.,
Myth and Religion of the North: the Religion of Ancient Scandinavia
(2nd edn, Greenwich, Conn., 1977).

VIKING LIFE AND CULTURE

Bailey, R. N.,
Viking Age Sculpture in Northern England
(London, 1980)

Clarke, H. and Ambrosiani, B.,
Towns in the Viking Age
(2nd rev. edn, Leicester, 1995).

Graham-Campbell, J.,
Viking Art
(London, 2013).

Hadley, D. M. and Harkel, L.,
Everyday Life in Viking Towns
(Oxford, 2013).

Jesch, J.,
Women in the Viking Age
(Woodbridge, Suffolk, 1991).

Jochens, J.,
Women in Old Norse Society
(Ithaca and London, 1995).

Karras, R.,
Slavery and Society in Medieval Scandinavia
(New Haven, Connecticut, 1988).

Page, R. I.,
Runes
(London, 1987).

GENETIC STUDIES

Sykes, B.,
Saxons, Vikings and Celts: the Genetic Roots of Britain and Ireland
(Norton, 2008).

Wood, M., and Harding S.,
Viking DNA: the Wirral and West Lancashire Project
(Nottingham, 2010).

AFTER THE VIKINGS

Christiansen, E.,
The Northern Crusades
(London, 1997).

McDonald, R. A.,
The Kingdom of the Isles
(East Linton, 1997).

Sawyer, B. and Sawyer, P.,
Medieval Scandinavia
(Minneapolis-London, 1993).

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

1.    Viking gods (Werner Forman / Getty Images).

2.    Viking longhouse at Borg, Lofoten Islands (John Haywood).

3.    Bronze Age ships on petroglyphs (John Haywood).

4.    Royal burial mounds, Gamla Uppsala (Jose Hernandez / Flickr).

5.    Gokstad ship (Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo, Norway).

6.    Viking helmet from Gjermundbu, Norway (Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo, Norway).

7.    King Edmund martyred by the Danes, Pickering Church, North Yorkshire (John Haywood).

8.    Irish monastic tower, Glendalough (Shutterstock).

9.    Ruins of Luni, Italy (John Haywood).

10.  Great Gate of Kiev (John Swift).

11.  Walls of Constantinople (John Haywood).

12.  Knarr ship (Viking Ship Museum, Roskilde, Denmark).

13.  Haymaking on the Faroe Islands (John Haywood).

14.  Thingvellir, Iceland (Ullstein Bild / Getty Images).

15.  L’ Anse-aux-Meadows settlement (Wolfgang Kaehler / Getty Images).

16.  Aerial view of Hedeby, Denmark (Archäologisches Landesamt Schleswig-Holstein).

17.  Aerial view of Trelleborg, Sjælland, Denmark (Thue C. Leibrandt / Wikimedia Commons).

18.  Cnut and Aelfgifu (The British Library Board, Stowe 944, f.6).

19.  Fenrir the Wolf and Yggdrasil in the
Edda
manuscript (Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies).

20.  Ruins of Hvalsey church, Greenland (Wolfgang Kaehler / Getty Images).

INDEX

Aachen 44, 69, 78, 93

Abalus 12

Abbo the Twisted 95, 97

Absalon, bishop of Roskilde 322

Adam of Bremen 37, 277, 284, 311

Aed mac Boanta 120–21

Ælfheah, archbishop of Canterbury 257, 293

Ælle 51, 69

Æthelred 52-3

Æthelred the Unready 106, 248, 250–53, 255–60, 285

Æthelstan 47, 73, 74, 123–4, 151, 288

Æthelwulf 47

afterlife 6–8, 15

Ahmed ibn Fadlan 183–6, 193

Aidan, monk 43, 112

Alcuin, scholar 42, 44, 69

Alexander III 337, 339

Alexander Nevsky 326

Alfred the Great 53, 55–60, 62–6, 123, 258

Life of King Alfred
59

reforms 62–3

Al-Ghazal 172–3

Alogi 27

amber 12, 13, 14, 32, 80

Angantyr 33, 35, 279

Angles 17, 20, 28, 43, 69, 132

East Angles 51, 52, 255

Anglo-Saxons 46, 48, 58, 63, 66

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
62–3, 73, 251, 255, 256–7, 269

Anund 53, 55, 56

Arabs 164, 166, 175, 176, 186, 187, 188, 318–19

Armagh 139

army structure 61–2

women 96

Arnulf of Carinthia 99, 105

Artgal 122–3

Athelney 58–9, 60

Attila the Hun 31

Aud the Deep-Minded 117, 216, 219–20

Baghdad 188

Barda 190–91

Basil II 202–3

battles 49

Ashingdon 261

Bråvalla 35

Brentford 261

Brissarthe 104

Brunanburh 73–4, 124, 151

Carham 264

Clontarf 158

Edington 59

Ellandun 46

Fyrisvellir 307

Hastings 267

Hingston Down 47

Killineer 142

Linn Duchaill 150

Maldon 249

Manzikert 205

Menai Straits 330

the Neva 326

Penselwood 261

Ragnarök 4, 73

Santwat 133–4

Sherston 261

Skitten Mire 128

Stamford Bridge 267, 268

Stiklestad 300

York 51–2

Benfleet 64–5

Beowulf 28–9, 33, 308

Bergen 232, 347, 350

Bernicia 55, 69, 123–5

beserkers 6, 205

Birka 308–10, 311

Björn Ironsides 169–71

Blathmac 112–13

boat-building 18

bog bodies

Grauballe Man 19

Tollund Man 19

Book of Kells
112

Borre

cemetery 39

Brian Boru 155–9

Britain

Roman and Saxon 27–8

tin trade 10

Brittany

raids 87

Veneti tribe 10

Viking colony 102–3

bronze 13–14

Bronze Age 14–15

Brynhild 31, 51

Bulgars 182–3, 184

Burgred 52, 54

Burgundians 17, 31

burial mounds

Birka 309

Chernigov 194

Gamla Uppsala 36–7

Gnezdovo 193

Hovgården 310

Jelling 281–2

Vendel 36

Byrhtnoth 249–50

Byzantine Empire

Byzantine culture 208–9