On Looking: Eleven Walks With Expert Eyes (36 page)

thigmotaxic:

M. R. Lamprea, F. P. Cardenas, J. Setem, and S. Morato, “Thigmotactic Responses in an Open-Field,”
Brazilian Journal of Medical Biological Research 41
(2008): 135–140.

rat smudges:

Hadidian, ed.,
Wild Neighbors.

rat whiskers:

Hanson and Berdoy, “Rats.”

rat vocalizations:

Ibid.

rat play:

L. W. Cole, “Observations of the Senses and Instincts of the Raccoon,”
Journal of Animal Behavior 2
(1912): 299–309.

rat grooming:

C. C. Burn, “What Is It Like to Be a Rat? Rat Sensory Perception and Its Implications for Experimental Design and Rat Welfare,”
Applied Animal Behaviour Science 112
(2008): 1–32.

rat home range:

Hadidian, ed.,
Wild Neighbors.

rat control same since Middle Ages:

Hadidian, ed.,
Wild Neighbors.

rat neighborhoods (Baltimore):

L. C. Gardner-Santana et al., “Commensal Ecology, Urban Landscapes, and Their Influence on the Genetic Characteristics of City-Dwelling Norway Rats
(Rattus norvegicus),
”
Molecular Ecology 18
(2009): 2766–2778.

rats like grids:

“Rats Say: Manhattan Rules!” interview with David Eilam,
Science Daily,
January 13, 2009.

flock-swooping:

M. Ballerini, et al. “An Empirical Study of Large, Naturally Occurring Starling Flocks: A Benchmark in Collective Animal Behaviour,”
Animal Behaviour
76
(2008): 201–215; and H. Pomeroy and F. Heppner, “Structure of Turning in Airborne Rock Dove
(Columba livia)
Flocks,”
The Auk 109
(1992): 256–267.

pigeon gliding:

D. Larson, U. Matthes, P. E. Kelly, et al.,
The Urban Cliff Revolution: Origins and Evolution of Human Habitats
(Ontario, Canada: Fitzhenry & Whiteside, 2004), p. 29.

cliffs and their ecology:

D. W. Larson, U. Matthes, and P. E. Kelly,
Cliff Ecology: Pattern and Process in Cliff Ecosystems
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000).

“concrete and glass versions”:

Larson, Matthes, and Kelly,
Cliff Ecology,
pp. 247–248.

Heat Island effect:

EPA.gov: “The annual mean air temperature of a city with 1 million people or more can be 1.8–5.4°F (1–3°C) warmer than its surroundings. In the evening, the difference can be as high as 22°F (12°C).” “On a hot, sunny summer day, roof and pavement surface temperatures can be 50–90°F (27–50°C) hotter than the air.”
http://www.epa.gov/heatisld/index.htm
.

platoon:

W. H. Whyte,
City: Rediscovering the Center
(New York: Doubleday, 1988).

walking pace:

R. L. Knoblauch, M. T. Pietrucha, and M. Nitzburg, “Field Studies of Pedestrian Walking Speed and Start-up Time,”
Transportation Research Record 1538
(1996): 27.

Highway Capacity Manual:

Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, 2010.

fish schooling rules:

B. L. Partridge, “Internal Dynamics and the Interrelations of Fish in Schools,”
Journal of Physiology 144
(1981): 313–325.

swarm intelligence:

L. Fisher,
Perfect Swarm: The Science of Complexity in Everyday Life
(New York: Basic Books, 2009).

“step and slide”:

M. Wolff, “Notes on the Behaviour of Pedestrians,” in A. Birenbaum and E. Sagarin, eds.,
People in Places: The Sociology of the Familiar
(New York: Praeger Publishers, 1973), pp. 35–48.

sociology of pedestrian behavior:

E. Goffman,
Behavior in Public Places: Notes on the Social Organization of Gatherings
(New York: Free Press, 1963); Wolff, “Notes on the Behaviour of Pedestrians”; and Whyte,
City.

anticipatory head movements:

R. Grasso, P. Prévost, Y. P. Ivanenko, and A. Berthoz, “Eye-Head Coordination for the Steering of Locomotion in Humans: An Anticipatory Synergy,”
Neuroscience Letters 253
(1998): 115–118; and T. Imai, S. T. Moore, T. Raphan, and B. Cohen, “Interaction of the Body, Head, and Eyes During Walking and Turning,”
Experimental Brain Research 136
(2001): 1–18.

Mormon crickets and desert locusts:

I. Couzin, “!@#$% Traffic: From Insects to Interstates,” lecture, World Science Forum, New York, 2009.

serotonin and swarms:

M. L. Anstey, S. M. Rogers, S. R. Ott, et al., “Serotonin Mediates Behavioral Gregarization Underlying Swarm Formation in Desert Locusts,”
Science 323
(2009): 627–630.

jaywalking:

P. D. Norton,
Fighting Traffic
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008).

the “veerers,” “runners,” etc.:

M. B. Lewick, “The Confusion of Our Sidewalkers and the Traffic Problems of the Future in the Erratic Pedestrian,”
New York Times,
August 3, 1924.

“Nobody likes to be looked at”:

Ellen Langer, personal communication, June 1, 2010.

one person can, in theory, “move” the other:

Idea from I. Couzin, “!@#$% Traffic.”

Hans Monderman and the “naked street”:

T. McNichol, “Roads Gone Wild,”
Wired,
December 2004.

cost of a penny:

http://www.usmint.gov/faqs/circulating_coins/index.cfm?action=faq_circulating_coin
, retrieved July 31, 2012.

looking at path while walking:

T. Foulsham, E. Walker, and A. Kingstone, “The Where, What and When of Gaze Allocation in the Lab and the Natural Environment,”
Vision Research 51
(2011): 1920–1931.

history of sidewalks:

A. Loukaitou-Sideris and R. Ehrenfeucht,
Sidewalks: Conflict and Negotiation Over Public Space
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009).

sidewalk composition:

http://www.infrastructurist.com/2010/02/22/the-sidewalks-of-today-and-tomorrow-is-concrete-our-only-option/
.

Bureau of Incumbrances:

Arthur F. Cosby, compiler, 1906–1908 Code of Ordinances of the City of New York.

fluid dynamics:

Couzin, “!@#$% Traffic”; and L. F. Henderson, “On the Fluid Mechanics of Human Crowd Motion,”
Transportation Research 8
(1974): 509–515.

“please, just a nice place to sit”:

W. H. Whyte, “Please, Just a Nice Place to Sit,”
New York Times Magazine,
December 3, 1972.

movable chairs:

Whyte,
City.

Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Bell:

T. A. Sebeok,
The Play of Musement
(Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1982).

“the importance of sleeves, the suggestiveness of thumb-nails”:

A. C. Doyle, “A Case of Identity,” in
The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and the Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes
(New York: Penguin, 2001).

“nail abnormalities”:

R. S. Fawcett, S. Linford, and D. L. Stulberg, “Nail Abnormalities: Clues to Systemic Disease,”
American Family Physician 69
(2004): 1417–1424.

gait:

J. Perry,
Gait Analysis: Normal and Pathological Function
(Thorofare, NJ: Slack Inc., 1992).

an infant’s walking and falling:

K. E. Adolph, “Learning to Move,”
Current Directions in Psychological Science
17
(2008): 213–218.

stance and swing of step:

Perry,
Gait Analysis,
p. 5.

gait can go wrong:

http://library.med.utah.edu/neurologicexam/html/gait_abnormal.html#03
.

breed standards for gait:

American Kennel Club standards, retrieved from
http://www.akc.org
.

bad breath:

B. E. Johnson, “Halitosis, or the Meaning of Bad Breath,”
Journal of General Internal Medicine 7
(1992): 649–659; and B. Lorber, “Bad Breath and Pulmonary Infection,”
American Review of Respiratory Disease 112
(1975): 875–877.

Laënnec’s sound catalog:

H. Schwartz,
Making Noise: From Babel to the Big Bang & Beyond
(New York: Zone Books, 2011), pp. 210–212; and J. L. Andrews and T. L. Badger, “Lung Sounds Through the Ages,”
JAMA 241
(1979): 2625–2630.

mirror neurons:

G. di Pellegrino, L. Fadiga, L. Fogassi, et al., “Understanding Motor Events: A Neurophysiological Study,”
Experimental Brain Research 91
(1992): 176–180.

brain activity of expert dancers:

B. Calvo-Merino et al., “Action Observation and Acquired Motor Skills: An fMRI Study with Expert Dancers,”
Cerebral Cortex 15
(2005): 1243–1249.

anthropomorphic measurements:

L. G. Farkas and I. R. Munro,
Anthropometric Facial Proportions in Medicine
(Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1987).

“hear the grass grow and the squirrel’s heart beat”:

G. Eliot,
Middlemarch
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2008).

gaze and conversation:

C. L. Kleinke, “Gaze and Eye Contact: A Research Review,”
Psychological Bulletin 100
(1986): 78–100.

eyes and improv:

K. Johnstone,
Improv: Improvisation and the Theatre
(New York: Routledge, 1981).

million-colored landscape

J. D. Mollon, “Color Vision: Opsins and Options,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 96
(1999): 4743–4745.

neural reorganization:

D. Bavelier and H. J. Neville, “Cross-Modal Plasticity: Where and How?”,
Nature Reviews Neuroscience 3
(2002): 443–452.

Brodmann’s map:

S. Kastner and L. G. Ungerleider, “Mechanisms of Visual Attention in the Human Cortex,”
Annual Review of Neuroscience 23
(2000): 315–341.

Thurber and a blue Hoover vacuum:

V. S. Ramachandran and S. Blakeslee,
Phantoms in the Brain: Probing the Nature of the Human Mind
(New York: Harper Perennial, 1999).

on odor perception of blind:

O. Sacks,
The Mind’s Eye
(New York: Knopf, 2010), p. 233.

on cane work:

National Research Council, “The Cane as a Mobility Aid for the Blind,” 1971; and A. Serino, M. Bassolino, A. Farnè, and E. Làdavas, “Extended Multisensory Space in Blind Cane Users,”
Psychological Science 18
(2007): 642–648.

echolocation in the blind:

B. N. Schenkman and M. E. Nilsson, “Human Echolocation: Blind and Sighted Persons’ Ability to Detect Sounds Recorded in the Presence of a Reflecting Object,”
Perception 39
(2010): 483–501.

John Hull:

Sacks,
The Mind’s Eye;
J. Hull,
Touching the Rock: An Experience of Blindness
(New York: Pantheon, 1991).

peripersonal space:

Serino et al., “Extended Multisensory Space”; S. Blakeslee and M. Blakeslee,
The Body Has a Mind of Its Own: How Body Maps in Your Brain Help You Do (Almost) Everything Better
(New York: Random House, 2007).

blindfold fMRI study:

L. B. Merabet et al., “Rapid and Reversible Recruitment of Early Visual Cortex for Touch,”
PLoS One 3
(2008): e3046.

blindfold study in room:

O. Yaski, J. Portugali, and D. Eilam, “The Dynamic Process of Cognitive Mapping in the Absence of Visual Cues: Human Data Compared with Animal Studies,”
The Journal of Experimental Biology 212
(2009): 2619–2626.

winds in cities:

K. Pryor, “The Wicked Winds of New York,”
New York Magazine,
April 24, 1978, 35–40.

“so preocupplied with cell phones”:

Sacks,
The Mind’s Eye,
p. 199.

1969 mobile phone study:

I. D. Brown, A. H. Tickner, and D. C. Simmonds, “Interference Between Concurrent Tasks of Driving and Telephoning,”
Journal of Applied Psychology 53
(1969): 419–424.

unicycling clown:

I. E. Hyman, Jr.; S. M. Boss; B. M. Wise et al., “Did You See the Unicycling Clown? Inattentional Blindness While Walking and Talking on a Cell Phone,”
Applied Cognitive Psychology 24
(2010): 597–607.

information in voices:

P. Belin, P. E. G. Bestelmeyer, M. Latinus, and R. Watson, “Understanding Voice Perception,”
British Journal of Psychology 102
(2011): 711–725.

Belgian Federal Police force blind officers:

D. Bilefsky, “A Blind Sherlock Holmes: Fighting Crime with Acute Listening,”
New York Times,
October 29, 2007.

the first sound:

R. M. Schafer,
The Soundscape: Our Sonic Environment and the Tuning of the World
(Rochester, VT: Destiny Books, 1994), p. 15.

sounds in the womb:

M. C. Busnel, C. Granier-Deferre, and J. P. Lecanuet, “Fetal Audition,”
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 662
(1992): 118–134; and S. Tyano and M. Keren, “The Competent Fetus,” in
Parenthood and Mental Health: A Bridge Between Infant and Adult Psychiatry
(New York: Wiley Online, 2010).