Our Bodies, Ourselves (187 page)

49
. Pew Social Trends Staff, “Growing Old in America.”

50
. U.S. Census Bureau, “The Next Four Decades: The Older Population in the United States: 2010–2050. Population Estimates and Projections,” May 2010, census.gov/prod/2010pubs/p25-1138.pdf.

1
. National Cancer Institute,
SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1975–2007
, table 4.6, Cancer of the Breast (Invasive), seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2007/results_single/sect_04_table.06.pdf.

2
. W. A. Berg et al., “Combined Screening with Ultrasound and Mammography vs. Mammography Alone in Women at Elevated Risk of Breast Cancer,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
299, no. 18 (2008): 2151–63. See also K. M. Kelly et al., “Breast Cancer Detection Using Automated Whole Breast Ultrasound and Mammography in Radiographically Dense Breasts,”
European Radiology
20 (2010): 734–42.

3
. Richard Knox, “In Mammogram Debate, Differences Aren't So Big,” Southern California Public Radio, October 10, 2010. scpr.org/news/2010/10/10/in-mammogram-debate-differences-arent-so-big/.

4
. D. J. Hunter et al., “Oral Contraceptive Use and Breast Cancer: A Prospective Study of Young Women,”
Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention
19, no. 10 (October 2010): 2496–2502.

5
. Table from cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/screening/breast/HealthProfessional/page2.

6
. Dr. Susan Love Research Foundation, “Screening and Diagnosis,” dslrf.org/breastcancer/content.asp?CATID=31&L2=2&L3=8&L4=0&PID=&sid=132&cid=653.

7
. See The Million Women Study, millionwomenstudy.org/introduction.

8
. R. T. Chlebowski et al., “Estrogen Plus Progestin and Breast Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Postmenopausal Women,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
304, no. 15 (2010): 1684–92. See also Peter B. Bach, “Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer: An Uncertain Trade-off,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
304, no. 15 (2010): 1719–20.

9
. Silent Spring Institute, “Breast Cancer and the Environment,” silentspring.org/breast-cancer-and-environment.

10
. See the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force guidelines on genetic screening for breast cancer, uspreventive servicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsbrgen.htm.

11
. Silent Spring Institute, “Breast Cancer and the Environment.”

12
. C. J. Allegra, D. R. Aberle, P. Ganschow, et al., “National Institutes of Health State-of-the-Science Conference Statement: Diagnosis and Management of Ductal Carcinoma in Situ,”
Journal of the National Cancer Institute
102 (2010): 161–69.

13
. Diana Zuckerman, “Breast Implants After Mastectomy,” Cancer Prevention and Treatment Fund, January 2010, stopcancerfund.org/posts/448.

14
. Marcy Oppenheimer, “Safety and Benefits of Inamed Silicone Breast Implants,” April 2005 FDA Analysis.

15
. Based upon a fact sheet prepared by Marcie Richardson for Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates.

16
. S. S. Coughlin et al., “Cervical Cancer Incidence in the United States in the US-Mexico Border Region, 1998–2003,”
Cancer
113 (2008): 2964–73.

17
. J. V. Lacey et al., “Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Ovarian Cancer Risk in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study Cohort,”
Journal of the National Cancer Institute
98, no. 19 (2006): 1397–1405.

18
. The incidence of PID is very low among lesbians.

19
. Julie R. Palmer et al., “Prenatal Diethylstilbestrol Exposure and Risk of Breast Cancer,”
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
(August 2006): 15: 1509.

20
. See William H. Parker et al., “Ovarian Conservation at the Time of Hysterectomy and Long-Term Health Outcomes in the Nurses' Health Study,”
Obstetrics and Gynecology
113, no. 5 (May 2009): 1027–37.

21
. B. L. Harlow and E. G. Stewart, “A Population-based Assessment of Chronic Unexplained Vulvar Pain: Have We Underestimated the Prevalence of Vulvodynia?”
Journal of the American Medical Women's Association
58 (2003): 82–88.

22
. B. D. Reed et al., “Candida Transmission and Sexual Behaviors as Risks for a Repeat Episode of Candida Vulvovaginitis.”
Journal of Women's Health
12, no. 10 (December 2003): 979–89.

23
. Wash the area carefully, urinate a little, then collect the rest of your urine in a sterile jar.

24
. Philip Hanno, in
Campbell-Walsh Urology
, 9th ed. (Philadelphia, Saunders, 2007).

25
. K. J. Propert et al., “A Prospective Study of Interstitial Cystitis: Results of Longitudinal Follow-up of the Interstitial Cystitis Data Base Cohort,”
Journal of Urology
163 (2000): 1434–39.

26
. Kay Zakariasen and Jennifer R. Hill, “Treatment and Mistreatment of Chronic ‘Urgency and Frequency'—Gathering
Women's Experiences About Interstitial Cystitis,”
Women's Health Activist Newsletter
, March–April 2009.

27
. Jennifer R. Hill et al., “Patient Perceived Outcomes of Treatments Used for Interstitial Cystitis,”
Urology
71 no. 1 (January 2008): 62–66.

28
. Mary P. FitzGerald et al., “Randomized Multicenter Feasibility Trial of Myofascial Physical Therapy for the Treatment of Urological Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome,”
Journal of Urology
182 (August 2009): 570–80.

29
. Based upon a patient information handout from Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates in Boston, MA.

1
. United States Government Accountability Office, “Prescription Drugs: Improvements Needed in FDA's Oversight of Direct-to-Consumer Advertising, gao.gov/new.items/d0754.pdf.

2
. G. Schwitzer,
The State of Health Journalism in the United States
(Menlo Park, CA: The Kaiser Family Foundation, 2009), kff.org/entmedia/upload/7858.pdf.

3
. This sidebar is based on the work of John Abramson, including the book
Overdosed America: The Broken Promise of American Medicine
(New York: HarperPerennial, 2008) and the article “The Effect of Conflict of Interest on Biomedical Research and Clinical Practice Guidelines: Can We Trust the Evidence in Evidence-Based Medicine?”
Journal of the American Board of Family Practice
18 (2005): 414–18.

4
. Thomas E. Andreoli, “The Undermining of Academic Medicine,”
Academe
85, no. 6 (November–December 1999): 32–37.

5
. C. DeAngelis, “Conflicts of Interest—Facts and Friction,” 26th Fae Golden Kass Lecture, Harvard Medical School, October 30, 2008.

6
. R. Steinbrook, “Gag Clauses in Clinical Trial Agreements,”
New England Journal of Medicine
352 (2005): 2160–62.

7
. Justin E. Bekelman, Yan Li, and Cary P. Gross, “Scope and Impact of Financial Conflicts of Interest in Biomedical Research: A Systematic Review,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
289 (January 2003): 454–65. See also Joel Lexchin, Lisa A Bero, Benjamin Djulbegovic, and Otavio Clark, “Pharmaceutical Industry Sponsorship and Research Outcome and Quality: Systematic Review,”
British Medical Journal
326 (May 2003): 1167–70.

8
. B. Als-Nielsen, W. Chen, C. Gluud, and L. L. Kjaergard, “Association of Funding and Conclusions in Randomized Drug Trials: A Reflection of Treatment Effect or Adverse Events?”
Journal of the American Medical Association
290 (2003): 921–28.

9
. R. H. Perlis, C. S. Perlis, Y Wu, et al., “Industry Sponsorship and Financial Conflict of Interest in the Reporting of Clinical Trials in Psychiatry,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
162 (2005): 1957–60.

10
. A. J. Fugh-Berman, “The Haunting of Medical Journals: How Ghostwriting Sold ‘HRT,'”
PLoS Med
7, no. 9 (2010), e1000335, doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.10 00335, plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1000335.

11
. K. D. Bertakis, P. Franks, and R. Azari, “Effects of Physician Gender on Patient Satisfaction,”
Journal of the American Medical Women's Association
58, no. 2 (2003): 69–75.

12
. S. A. Flocke, and V. Gilchrist, “Physician and Patient Gender Concordance and the Delivery of Comprehensive Clinical Preventive Services,”
Medical Care
43, no. 5 (2005): 486–92.

13
. The Henry J. Kaiser Foundation,
Putting Women's Health Care Disparities on the Map: Examining Racial and Ethnic Disparities at the State Level
, 2009, kff.org/minorityhealth/upload/7886.pdf.

14
. National Women's Law Center et al.,
Making the Grade on Women's Health: A National and State-by-State Report Card
, 2007, hrc.nwlc.org.

15
. The Henry J. Kaiser Foundation,
Putting Women's Health Care Disparities on the Map.

16
. Daniel Raymond, Harm Reduction Coalition, testimony to the New York City Council on the state of drug policy and addiction, February 2009, harm reduction.org/downloads/New%20York%20City%20 Council%20Testimony,%20February%202009.doc.

17
. Sheigla Murphy and Marsha Rosenbaum, interview from
Pregnant Women on Drugs: Combating Stereotypes and Stigma
(New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1999). See also Wendy Choukin, “Cocaine and Pregnancy: Time to Look at the Evidence,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
285 (2001): 1626.

18
. News Room, D.C., “New National Survey Shows Financial Concerns and Lack of Adequate Health Insurance Are Top Causes for Delay by Lesbians in Obtaining Health Care,” newsroom.dc.gov/show.aspx/agency/lgbt/section/2/release/7561/year/2005.

19
. The Human Rights Campaign, “Coming Out to Your Doctor,” hrc.org/issues/3391.htm.

1
. U.S. Department of Justice and the Centers for Disease Control,
National Violence Against Women Survey
, 1998, ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/172837.htm. Though more than a decade old, these national statistics from 1998 are still considered the most comprehensive available.

2
. Bureau of Justice Statistics,
Intimate Partner Violence, 1993–2001
, 2003, ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/topics/crime/intimate-partner-violence/measuring.htm.

3
. World Health Organization, “Report on Violence and Health,” October 2002, who.int/gender/violence/en/.

4
. P. Tjaden and N. Thoennes, “Full Report of the Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Violence Against Women—Findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey,” National Institute of Justice, November 2000, ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/nij/183781.pdf.

5
. Samhita Mukhopadhyay, “Trial by Media: Black Female Lasciviousness and the Question of Consent,” in
Yes Means Yes!
ed. Jaclyn Friedman and Jessica Valenti (Berkeley: Seal Press, 2008), p. 154.

6
. “Maze of Injustice: The Failure to Protect Indigenous Women from Sexual Violence in the USA,” Amnesty International, 2007, amnestyusa.org/women/maze/report.pdf.

7
. Interview with Sarah Deer, “Violence Against Native American and Alaska Native Women,” Amnesty International, April 24, 2007, amnestyusa.org/askamnesty/live/display.php?topic=82.

8
. Recommendations on Combating Sexual Violence Against American Indian and Alaska Native Women Through Fiscal Year 2010 Appropriations. Statement provided by Sarah Deer, amnestyusa.org/uploads/house_interior_testimony_deer.pdf.

9
. Giselle Aguilar Hass, Nawal Ammar, and Leslye Orloff, “Battered Immigrants and U.S. Citizen Spouses,” 2009, legalmomentum.org.

10
. M. Decker, A. Raj, and J. Silverman, “Sexual Violence Against Adolescent Girls: Influences of Immigration and Acculturation,”
Violence Against Women
13, no. 5 (2007): 498 and 507. See also Jessica Mindlin, Leslye E. Orloff, Sameera Pochiraju, et al., “Dynamics of Sexual Assault and the Implications for Immigrant Women,” and “Empowering Survivors: Legal Rights of Immigrant Victims of Sexual Assault for Advocates Working with Immigrant Victims of Sexual Assault” (Washington, DC: Legal Momentum, 2010).

11
. Decker, Raj, and Silverman, “Sexual Violence Against Adolescent Girls,” pp. 498, 503, 507.

12
. L. Kalof, “Ethnic Differences in Female Sexual Victimization,”
Sexuality and Culture
4 (2000): 75–97.

13
. S. M. Blake, R. Ledsky, C. Goodenow, and L. O'Donnell, “Recency of Immigration, Substance Abuse, and Sexual Behavior Among Massachusetts Adolescents,”
American Journal of Public Health
91 (2001): 794–98.

14
. Decker, Raj, and Silverman, “Sexual Violence Against Adolescent Girls,” pp. 498, 507.

15
. Ibid.; see generally M. A. Dutton, G. A. Hass, and N. Ammar, “Battered Immigrant Women's Willingness to Call for Help and Police Response,”
UCLA Women's Law Journal
(2003): 43, 89.

16
. Decker, Raj, and Silverman, “Sexual Violence Against Adolescent Girls,” pp. 498, 507.

17
. Mary Ann Dutton et al., “Characteristics of Help-Seeking Behaviors, Resources and Service Needs of Battered Immigrant Latinas,”
Georgetown Journal on Poverty Law and Policy
7, no. 2 (2000): 245–306.

18
. Giselle Aguilar Hass et al., “Lifetime Prevalence of Violence Against Latina Immigrants: Legal and Policy Implications,”
Domestic Violence: Global Perspectives
(2000): 93–113.