Parched City (36 page)

1
.
Pollution and Control: a social history of the Thames in the nineteenth century
, Bill Luckin (Bristol: Hilger, 1986) p. 4.

2
. Ibid.

3
.
Water and the search for public health in London in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
, p. 263.

4
.
London’s Water Wars: The competition for London’s water supply in the nineteenth century
, John Graham-Leigh (London: Francis Boutle, 2000) p. 19.

5
.
The London Encyclopaedia
, p. 632.

6
.
The Peopling of London: Fifteen Thousand Years of Settlement from Overseas
, Ed. Nick Merriman (London: Museum of London, 1993) pp. 118–9.

7
.
London’s Water Wars
, p. 13.

8
. Chelsea Waterworks Company: Corporate Records, Administrative History description ACC/2558/CH/01, London Metropolitan Archives.

9
.
London’s Water Wars
, p. 33.

10
. “The Water Question”
Times
(London, England) 16
^th
January 1828,
The Times Digital Archive
. Web. 24/11/11.

11
.
London’s Water Wars
, p. 52.

12
.
Water Politics in Nineteenth-Century London
, p. 56.

13
. Report of the Provisional Committee of the Anti-Water Monopoly
Association
, 1819, ACC/2558/NR/13/082, London Metropolitan Archives, p. 1.

14
. Ibid. p. 6.

15
.
Water Politics in Nineteenth-Century London
, p. 56.

16
.
Bathroom
, Barbara Penner (London: Reaktion Books, due to be published 2012) Included in draft chapter
The Civilising
Bathroom
, page number currently unknown.

17
.
To the Gentlemen of the Medical Profession
, T.L. Waterworth, Surgeon, Newport, Isle of Wight, 1813, Drinks Box 1: EPH+7:1, Wellcome Library.

18
.
The Dolphin or Grand Junction Nuisance - proving that seven thousand families in Westminster and its suburbs are supplied with water in a state offensive to the sight, disgusting to the imagination and destructive to health
, John Wright (T. Butcher: London, 1827) p. 59.

19
. Ibid. p. 7.

20
. Ibid. p. 42, p. 32.

21
. Ibid. p.
65.

22
. “The Water Question”
Times
, 16
^th
January 1828.

23
. Ibid.

24
. Ibid.

25
. “The Water Question”
Times
(London, England) 19
^th
January 1828: 4.
The Times Digital Archive
. Web. 24/11/11.

26
.
A Science of Impurity: Water Analysis in Nineteenth Century
Britain
, Christopher Hamlin (Bristol: Adam Hilger, 1990) p. 41.

27
. “The Water Question”
Times
(London, England) 19
^th
January 1828.

28
.
Catalogue of Political and Personal Satires
, Vol. XI 1828–1832, Dorothy George (London: British Library, 1954) p. 44.

29
. Ibid.

30
.
An Essay on Waters in three parts
, p. 34.

31
.
Water: the book: an illustrated history of water supply and waste-
water in the United Kingdom
, p. 89.

32
. “The Water Question”
Times
, 19
^th
January 1828.

33
. Ibid.

34
.
By the Crown, which arrived off Liverpool on Sunday evening, we have received advices from Calcutta, Times
(London, England) 17
^th
January 1826: 2.
The Times Digital Archive
. Web. 5/5/12.

35
.
Cholera
, World Health Organisation website,
http://www.who.int/topics/cholera/en
, Accessed 5
^th
May 2012.

36
.
Symptoms and Treatment of Malignant Diarrhoea, better known as Asiatic or Malignant Cholera as treated in the Royal Free
Hospital during the years 1832, 1833, 1834, 1848 and 1854
, William Marsden, (London: Henry Renshaw, 1865) p. 14.

37
. Ibid. p. 36.

38
. Ibid. p. 15.

39
.
Royal Address of Cadwallader ap-Tudor ap-Edwards ap-Vaughan
,
Water-King of Southwark
, print, London, England, 1832, George Cruikshank, Science Museum, London.

40
.
Flora Tristan’s London Journal: A Survey of London Life
, A trans-
lation of Promenades dans Londres by Dennis Palmer and Giselle Pincetl (London: George Prior, 1980) p. 17.

41
. Ibid. p. 258.

42
. Ibid.

43
. Ibid.

44
. Ibid. pp. 34–35.

45
.
The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great
Britain
, Edwin Chadwick (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1964) p. 150.

46
. Ibid. pp. 424–425.

47
. The Metropolitan Buildings Act, 1844, 7
^th
¦ 8
^th
Vict. Cap. 84., Schedule H (London: Crown, 1844) pp. 146–147.

48
. Towns Improvement Clauses Act, 1847, 10
^th
¦ 11
^th
Vict. Cap. 34. p. 437 (London: Crown, 1847).

49
. Ibid.

50
.
The Government of Victorian London 1855–1889: the
Metropolitan Board of Works, the Vestries and the City
Corporation
, David Owen, edited by Roy MacLeod with contributions by David Reeder, David Olsen, Francis Sheppard (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1982) p. 29.

51
.
On the Mode of Communication of Cholera
, John Snow (London: John Churchill, 1849) EPB/SUPP/P/SNO, Wellcome Library, p. 6.

52
. Ibid. p. 9.

53
. Ibid. p. 12.

54
. Ibid.

55
. Ibid. p. 15.

56
. Ibid. p. 20.

57
. Ibid. p. 23.

58
. Ibid. p. 30.

59
. Ibid.

60
.
Water Politics in Nineteenth-Century London
, pp. 59–60.

61
.
A Microscopic Examination of the Water Supplied to the
Inhabitants of London and the Suburban Districts in 1850
, Arthur Hill-Hassall (London: Samuel Highley, 1850) p. 1.

62
. Ibid. p. 2.

63
.
A Science of Impurity: Water Analysis in Nineteenth Century
Britain
, p. 104.

64
. Ibid. p. 115.

65
. House of Commons Debate, 5
^th
June 1851, Vol. 117 468–469

66
. Ibid.

67
.
The Globe and Traveller newspaper
, 2
^nd
January 1851, British Library: newspaper collection.

68
.
First Report to Parliament
, Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 Archives: RC/F/3/1/1 p. 150.

69
.
The Globe and Traveller
newspaper, 19
^th
August 1851, British Library: newspaper collection.

70
. Pritchard ¦ Collette: an exhibit for purifying water, Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 Archives: RC/A/1851/819.

71
.
The Globe and Traveller
newspaper, 6th August 1851, British Library: newspaper collection.

72
. House of Commons Debate, 5
^th
June 1851.

73
.
Water Supply of Greater London
, H.W. Dickinson (London: Courier Press, 1954) pp.102–103.

74
. Ibid. p. 83.

75
.
Microscopical Examinations of the Thames and Other Waters
1852: Reports made to the Directors of the London (Watford)
Spring Water Company
, Edwin Lankester and Peter Redfern p. ix (London: Printed by Hughes, 1852).

76
. Ibid. p. 38.

77
.
The Ghost Map
, Steven Johnson (London: Penguin, 2006) p. 160.

78
.
On the Mode of Communication of Cholera
, John Snow (London: John Churchill, 1855) p. 117.

79
. Ibid. pp. 41–42.

80
. Ibid. p. 43.

81
.
Ibid. p. 53.

82
.
The Ghost Map
, p. 30.

83
.
On the Mode of Communication of Cholera
, p. 74.

84
. Ibid. p. 79.

85
.
The Ghost Map
, p. 204.

86
.
An Act for the better Local Management of the Metropolis
, 18
^th
¦ 19
^th
Victorae, Cap. 120 (Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1855) LXXXI.

87
.
Report on last two Cholera-Epidemics of London as affected by the consumption of impure water; addressed to the Rt. Hon. The
President of the General Board of Health by the Medical Officer of the Board
(HMSO, 1856) p. 12.

88
.
The Era
, June 20
^th
1858, June 20
^th
, British Library newspaper collection.

89
.
The Morning Chronicle
, June 24
^th
1858, Issue 28551, British Library newspaper collection.

90
.
The Government of Victorian London 1855–1889
, p. 53.

91
.
Pollution and Control
, pp. 16–17.

92
. Ibid. p. 20.

93
.
Local Government Act 1858 and the Acts Incorporated Therewith together with the Public Health Act 1858
, Ed. Tom Taylor (London: Printed by Night ¦ Co., 1859) p. 42, p. 258.

94
.
An Act for the better Local Management of the Metropolis
, CXVI.

1
.
The Public Fountains of the City of Dijon
, Trans. Patricia Bobeck from the original text in French, Henry Darcy (Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 2004) p. 42.

2
. Liverpool: total population graph 1800–2000
http://www.visionof- britain.org.uk
: University of Portsmouth, 2009, Accessed 15
^th
August 2010.

3
.
Nineteenth-century public health: a study of Liverpool, Belfast and Glasgow
, Sally Sheard, PhD Thesis, University of
Liverpool, 1993, p. 189.

4
.
Free Water: the Public Drinking Fountain Movement and
Victorian London
, Howard Malchow, The London Journal, Vol. 4, No. 2, p. 183.

5
.
Nineteenth-century public health
, p. 190.

6
. Memoirs of Charles P. Melly, Edward Melly (Coventry: Curtis and Beamish, 1889) p. 6.

7
.
A Handbook for Travellers in Switzerland and the Alps of Savoy and Piedmont including the Protestant Valleys of the Waldenses
, John Murray, (London: John Murray and Son, 1838) Reprinted Leicester University Press, 1970 as part of The Victorian Library p. xxxv.

8
.
A Paper on Drinking Fountains
, Charles P. Melly, presented at the Health Department of the National Association of the Promotion of Social Science, Liverpool meeting, October 1858, British Library.

9
. Ibid.

10
.
Fountains: Mirrors of Switzerland
, Pierre Bouffard and René Creux (Paudex: Bonvent ¦ Fontainemore, 1973) p. 22.

11
. Ibid. p. 14.

12
.
A Paper on Drinking Fountains
, pp. 9–10.

13
. Ibid. p.2.

14
. Ibid.

15
. Ibid.

16
. Ibid. p.1.

17
.
Free Water: the Public Drinking Fountain Movement and
Victorian London
, p.183.

18
. pp. 5–6.

19
. A. F. Pollard, ‘Temple, William Francis Cowper, Baron Mount-Temple (1811–1888), rev. H.C.G. Matthew,
Oxford
Dictionary of National Biography
, Oxford University Press, 2004 [
http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/6515
, accessed 15
^th
August 2012].

20
.
Business and Religion in Britain
, Ed. David J. Jeremy
(Aldershot: Gower, 1988) p. 165 /
Quaker Businesses in Britain:
a historical list
, Library of the Religious Society of Friends.

21
.
Family Fortunes: Men and Women and the English Middle Class
1780–1850
, Leonore Davidoff and Catherine Hall (London: Hutchinson, 1987) p. 101, p. 216.

22
.
Business and Religion in Britain
, p. 169.

23
.
Victorian Quakers
, Elizabeth Isichei (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970) p. xxi.

24
.
A Water Drinkers Experience
, British Workman’s Almanac 1858, viewed at the British Library, Rare Books collection.

25
.
Drinking Fountains, The Morning Chronicle
, November 6
^th
1858, Issue 28648, British Library digital nineteenth century newspaper collection.

26
. Ibid.

27
. Letter from H. Burdett Worthington,
The Standard
(London), November 17
^th
1858, Issue 10689, British Library nineteenth century digital collection.

28
. Daily News, London, January 3
^rd
1859, Issue 3943, British Library nineteenth century digital collection.

29
.
A Plea for Free Drinking Fountains
, E.T. Wakefield (London: Hatchard ¦ Co., 1859) p. 6.

30
. Letter from Sidney Herbert to his wife, 6th June 1859, Liberal Democrat History Group,
http://www.liberalhistory.org.uk/item_single.php?item_id=20¦item=history
, Viewed 26th September 2010.

31
.
Drinking Fountains in the Metropolis
, Daily News, April 13
^th
1859, Issue 4029, British Library digital nineteenth century newspaper collection.

32
. Ibid.

33
. Ibid.

34
. The Metropolitan Free Drinking Fountains Association, Annual Report 1865, ACC/3168/018 pp. 7–8.

35
.
A Science of Impurity: Water Analysis in Nineteenth Century
Britain
, p. 111.

36
.
Drinking Fountains, The Lady’s Newspaper
(London, England) Saturday 12
^th
March 1859, Issue 637, p. 172, British Library digital nineteenth century newspaper collection.

37
. Ibid.

38
.
The Opening of the Drinking Fountain, The Lady’s Newspaper
(London, England) Saturday 30
^th
April 1859 Issue 664, p. 275, British Library digital nineteenth century newspaper collection.

39
.
Drinking Fountains
, Illustrated London News, Saturday 30
^th
April 1859.

40
. Minute Book of the Executive Committee 1859–66, Metropolitan Drinking Fountains Association, for example 29
^th
June 1859, 13
^th
July 1859, ACC/3168/001: London Metropolitan Archives.

41
.
Drinking Fountains
, Edward Wakefield had defended the high cost of the fountains for several critical reasons in a letter to the editor of
The Times
, (London, England), p.10, col. F, Issue 23287, Issue 23287, 22
^nd
April 1859.

42
. For instance, Minute Book of the Executive Committee 1859–66, August p. 50.

43
. Ibid. March 1860, p. 113.

44
. This concern about the free flowing water disturbing parish- ioners coming in and out of church had been the reason that St Andrews church rejected a fountain, as reported at least by Edward Wakefield in a letter to The Morning Post, January 14
^th
1859, Issue 26544.

45
. For example, Minute Book of the Executive Committee 1859–66, November 1864 p. 370.

46
. The 1865 figures were recorded in the Metropolitan Drinking Fountains Association Annual Report 1867, ACC/3168/19: London Metropolitan Archives, p. 38.

47
.
Drinking Fountains in the Metropolis, Daily News
(London, England), 13
^th
April 1859, Issue 4029, p. 3, 19
^th
Century: British Library Newspapers.

48
. Metropolitan Drinking Fountains Association 1867 Annual Report, pp. 16–17.

49
. Ibid. p. 18.

50
. Minute Book of the Executive Committee 1859–66, 1861, p. 169.

51
. Metropolitan Drinking Fountains Association 1867 Annual Report, p. 26.

52
. Minute Book of the Executive Committee 1866–79, Metropolitan Free Drinking Fountain Association, May 1867, p.35, ACC/3168/002: London Metropolitan Archives.

53
. Metropolitan Drinking Fountains Association 1867 Annual Report, p. 26.

54
. Ibid. p.27.

55
. Minute Book of the Executive Committee 1866–79, June 1868, p. 77.

56
. Metropolitan Free Drinking Fountain Association, Annual Report 1873, p. 11, ACC/3168/25: London Metropolitan Archives.

57
. Ibid.

58
. Minute Book of the Executive Committee 1859–66, November 1859, p.79.

59
. Metropolitan Free Drinking Fountain Association Annual Report 1867, p.27.

60
. Ibid.

61
. Minute Book of the Executive Committee 1859–66, October 1862, pp. 263 –264.

62
. Minute Book of the Executive Committee 1859–66, May 1864 p. 349.

63
. Minute Book of the Executive Committee 1866–79, June 1866 p. 9.

64
. Metropolitan Drinking Fountains Association 1867 Annual Report, p. 9.

65
. Ibid. pp. 20–21.

66
. Minute Book of the Executive Committee 1859–66, Vulcan
Temperance Society: April 1860, p. 118, National Temperance League mentioned frequently, for example August 1863 p. 324, Gurney’s involvement with the Band of Hope:
The Band of Hope Record
, Rev. G.W. McCree (London: Tweedie ¦ Cawdell, 1862) pp. 341–2.

67
.
Brewers, Temperance and the Nineteenth Century Drinking
Fountain Movement
, Vanessa Taylor PhD thesis, Birkbeck College, University of London 2006, p. 13. Taylor’s extensive research into the involvement of brewers with the Victorian fountain movement is the most in-depth piece of academic research on this organisation on its membership that I located during my research. The Guildhall Library holds a copy of her thesis.

68
. Ibid. p. 14.

69
.
On Liberty
, John Stuart Mill (London: John W. Parker ¦ Son, 1859) p. 174.

70
.
The Advantages of Temperance
, John Robert Taylor (London: James George Taylor, 1864) Letter from Professor Beesly p. 8

71
. Minute Book of the Executive Committee 1859–66, August 1863 p. 324.

72
.
City Press
, 30
^th
April 1859.

73
.
Free Water: the Public Drinking Fountain Movement and
Victorian London
, pp. 181–2.

74
.
The Victoria Fountain
, The Times (London, England) Monday June 30
^th
, 1862; p. 9, Issue 24285; Col. F.

75
. Shoreditch Observer, July 5
^th
1862.

76
.
The Buxton Memorial Drinking-Fountain, Great George Street
,
Westminster
, Illustrated London News, Saturday 10
^th
March 1866, Issue 1360, p. 242.

77
. Ibid.

78
.
The Return of the Registrar-General for last week, The Times
(London, England), Thursday 9th August, 1866, p.8, Issue 25572.

79
.
London, The Times
(London, England), 16
^th
December 1861,
Issue 24117, p.9.

80
. Typhoid Fever, World Health Organisation,
http://www.who.int/topics/typhoid_fever/en/
, Viewed 18
^th
September 2011.

81
. Quoted from
The Lancet, The Late Prince Consort, The Times
(London, England), 21
^st
December 1861, Issue 24122, p. 9.

82
. Metropolitan Drinking Fountain ¦ Cattle Trough Association Annual Report 1875, fold out map attached to inside of front cover, ACC/3168/27: London Metropolitan Archives.