Patrick Henry (36 page)
Authors: Thomas S. Kidd
Chapter 4: “The First Man Upon This Continent”:
Boycotts and the Growing Crisis with Britain
1
John Pendleton Kennedy, ed.,
Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia, 1761â1765
(Richmond, VA, 1907), 218.
John Pendleton Kennedy, ed.,
Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia, 1761â1765
(Richmond, VA, 1907), 218.
2
George Washington to George Mason, April 5, 1769, in
The Papers of George Washington: Digital Edition
, ed. Theodore Crackel (Charlottesville, VA, 2007); Jeff Broadwater,
George Mason: Forgotten Founder
(Chapel Hill, NC, 2006), 50â51.
George Washington to George Mason, April 5, 1769, in
The Papers of George Washington: Digital Edition
, ed. Theodore Crackel (Charlottesville, VA, 2007); Jeff Broadwater,
George Mason: Forgotten Founder
(Chapel Hill, NC, 2006), 50â51.
3
“Circular Letter to the Governors in America,” April 21, 1768, at
www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/amerrev/amerdocs/circ_let_gov_1768.htm
.
“Circular Letter to the Governors in America,” April 21, 1768, at
www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/amerrev/amerdocs/circ_let_gov_1768.htm
.
6
Frank L. Dewey, “Thomas Jefferson and a Williamsburg Scandal: The Case of Blair v. Blair,”
Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
89, no. 1 (January 1981): 57; Andrew Burstein and Nancy Isenberg,
Madison and Jefferson
(New York, 2010), 16.
Frank L. Dewey, “Thomas Jefferson and a Williamsburg Scandal: The Case of Blair v. Blair,”
Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
89, no. 1 (January 1981): 57; Andrew Burstein and Nancy Isenberg,
Madison and Jefferson
(New York, 2010), 16.
7
Beeman,
Patrick Henry
, 25â27; “Kinney v. Clark (1844),” in
Cases Argued and Decided in the Supreme Court of the United States
, ed. Stephen K. Williams (Rochester, NY, 1911), 11:89.
Beeman,
Patrick Henry
, 25â27; “Kinney v. Clark (1844),” in
Cases Argued and Decided in the Supreme Court of the United States
, ed. Stephen K. Williams (Rochester, NY, 1911), 11:89.
8
Patrick Henry to William Fleming, June 10, 1767, in Thomas Perkins Abernathy,
Western Lands and the American Revolution
(New York, 1937), 61â62; Patrick Griffin,
American Leviathan: Empire, Nation, and the Revolutionary Frontier
(New York, 2007), 101.
Patrick Henry to William Fleming, June 10, 1767, in Thomas Perkins Abernathy,
Western Lands and the American Revolution
(New York, 1937), 61â62; Patrick Griffin,
American Leviathan: Empire, Nation, and the Revolutionary Frontier
(New York, 2007), 101.
10
“Notice of Sale of All of the John Robinson Estate,” December 28, 1769, in
The Letters and Papers of Edmund Pendleton, 1734â1803
, ed. David John Mays (Charlottesville, VA, 1967), 53â54.
“Notice of Sale of All of the John Robinson Estate,” December 28, 1769, in
The Letters and Papers of Edmund Pendleton, 1734â1803
, ed. David John Mays (Charlottesville, VA, 1967), 53â54.
11
Ron Chernow,
Washington: A Life
(New York, 2010), 483; David Waldstreicher, ed.,
Notes on the State of Virginia, by Thomas Jefferson, with Related Documents
(Boston, 2002), 199; T. H. Breen,
Tobacco Culture: The Mentality of the Great Tidewater Planters on the Eve of Revolution
, 2nd ed. (Princeton, NJ, 2001), 204â06.
Ron Chernow,
Washington: A Life
(New York, 2010), 483; David Waldstreicher, ed.,
Notes on the State of Virginia, by Thomas Jefferson, with Related Documents
(Boston, 2002), 199; T. H. Breen,
Tobacco Culture: The Mentality of the Great Tidewater Planters on the Eve of Revolution
, 2nd ed. (Princeton, NJ, 2001), 204â06.
12
Patrick Henry, Memorandum of September 5, 1785, in
Henry Family Papers, Records of the Ante-Bellum Southern Plantations from the Revolution Through the Civil War
, ed. Kenneth Stampp, Series M, Selections from the Virginia Historical Society, Part 5: Southside Virginia; Robert Douthat Meade,
Patrick Henry: Practical Revolutionary
(Philadelphia, 1969), 151â52, 315â16.
Patrick Henry, Memorandum of September 5, 1785, in
Henry Family Papers, Records of the Ante-Bellum Southern Plantations from the Revolution Through the Civil War
, ed. Kenneth Stampp, Series M, Selections from the Virginia Historical Society, Part 5: Southside Virginia; Robert Douthat Meade,
Patrick Henry: Practical Revolutionary
(Philadelphia, 1969), 151â52, 315â16.
13
Jackson Turner Main, “The One Hundred,”
William and Mary Quarterly
3rd series, 11, no. 3 (July 1954): 376â77; “Journal of a French Traveler in the Colonies,”
American Historical Review
26, no. 4 (July 1921): 745.
Jackson Turner Main, “The One Hundred,”
William and Mary Quarterly
3rd series, 11, no. 3 (July 1954): 376â77; “Journal of a French Traveler in the Colonies,”
American Historical Review
26, no. 4 (July 1921): 745.
14
Anthony S. Parent Jr.,
Foul Means: The Formation of a Slave Society in Virginia, 1660â1740
(Chapel Hill, NC, 2003), 124â25; Meade,
Patriot in the Making
, 294.
Anthony S. Parent Jr.,
Foul Means: The Formation of a Slave Society in Virginia, 1660â1740
(Chapel Hill, NC, 2003), 124â25; Meade,
Patriot in the Making
, 294.
15
William Waller Hening, ed.,
The Statutes at Large; Being a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia
(Richmond, VA, 1821), 8:358; Kennedy,
Journals
, 259.
William Waller Hening, ed.,
The Statutes at Large; Being a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia
(Richmond, VA, 1821), 8:358; Kennedy,
Journals
, 259.
17
“A Hanover County, Virginia, Uprising, Christmas, 1769,” in
American Negro Slavery
, ed. Michael Mullin (Columbia, SC, 1976), 95.
“A Hanover County, Virginia, Uprising, Christmas, 1769,” in
American Negro Slavery
, ed. Michael Mullin (Columbia, SC, 1976), 95.
18
Robert L. Scribner, ed.,
Revolutionary Virginia: The Road to Independence
(Charlottesville, VA, 1973), 1:87â88.
Robert L. Scribner, ed.,
Revolutionary Virginia: The Road to Independence
(Charlottesville, VA, 1973), 1:87â88.
22
Robert Pleasants to Anthony Benezet, August 20, 1774, in “Letters of Robert Pleasants, of Curles,”
William and Mary Quarterly
2nd series, 1, no. 2 (April 1921): 107, 108 n2.
Robert Pleasants to Anthony Benezet, August 20, 1774, in “Letters of Robert Pleasants, of Curles,”
William and Mary Quarterly
2nd series, 1, no. 2 (April 1921): 107, 108 n2.
23
Samuel Allinson to Patrick Henry, October 17, 1774, in Allinson Family Papers, Rutgers University Special Collections; Robert Pleasants to Patrick Henry, March 28, 1777, in William Wirt Henry,
Patrick Henry: Life, Correspondence, and Speeches
(New York, 1891), 3: 49â51.
Samuel Allinson to Patrick Henry, October 17, 1774, in Allinson Family Papers, Rutgers University Special Collections; Robert Pleasants to Patrick Henry, March 28, 1777, in William Wirt Henry,
Patrick Henry: Life, Correspondence, and Speeches
(New York, 1891), 3: 49â51.
25
Waldstreicher,
Notes on the State of Virginia
, 195â96; Peter S. Onuf, “âTo Declare Them a Free and Independant People': Race, Slavery, and National Identity in Jefferson's Thought,”
Journal of the Early Republic
18, no. 1 (Spring 1998): 1â6.
Waldstreicher,
Notes on the State of Virginia
, 195â96; Peter S. Onuf, “âTo Declare Them a Free and Independant People': Race, Slavery, and National Identity in Jefferson's Thought,”
Journal of the Early Republic
18, no. 1 (Spring 1998): 1â6.
26
George Mason quoted in
The Founders' Constitution
, ed. Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner (Chicago, 1987), at
http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/a1_9_1s3.html
; Broadwater,
George Mason
, 191â92; Beeman,
Patrick Henry
, 97.
George Mason quoted in
The Founders' Constitution
, ed. Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner (Chicago, 1987), at
http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/a1_9_1s3.html
; Broadwater,
George Mason
, 191â92; Beeman,
Patrick Henry
, 97.
28
“Nonimportation Association of Burgesses and Merchants,” June 22, 1770, in Scribner,
Revolutionary Virginia
, 82; Beeman,
Patrick Henry
, 48.
“Nonimportation Association of Burgesses and Merchants,” June 22, 1770, in Scribner,
Revolutionary Virginia
, 82; Beeman,
Patrick Henry
, 48.
30
Thomas Jefferson, “Autobiography,” at
www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/jeffauto.htm
; “Extracts from the Journal of the Proceedings of the House of Burgesses, of Virginia,” March 13, 1773, in Scribner,
Revolutionary Virginia
, 91.
Thomas Jefferson, “Autobiography,” at
www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/jeffauto.htm
; “Extracts from the Journal of the Proceedings of the House of Burgesses, of Virginia,” March 13, 1773, in Scribner,
Revolutionary Virginia
, 91.
31
Richard Henry Lee to John Dickinson, July 25, 1768, in
The Letters of Richard Henry Lee,
ed. James Curtis Ballagh (1911; New York, 1970), 1:29.
Richard Henry Lee to John Dickinson, July 25, 1768, in
The Letters of Richard Henry Lee,
ed. James Curtis Ballagh (1911; New York, 1970), 1:29.
32
George Mason to Martin Cockburn, May 26, 1774, in
The Papers of George Mason
, ed. Robert A. Rutland (Chapel Hill, NC, 1970), 1:190.
George Mason to Martin Cockburn, May 26, 1774, in
The Papers of George Mason
, ed. Robert A. Rutland (Chapel Hill, NC, 1970), 1:190.
33
Jefferson, “Autobiography.”
Jefferson, “Autobiography.”
34
“An Association, Signed by 89 Members of the Late House of Burgesses,” May 27, 1774, in Scribner,
Revolutionary Virginia
, 97.
“An Association, Signed by 89 Members of the Late House of Burgesses,” May 27, 1774, in Scribner,
Revolutionary Virginia
, 97.
36
“At a Meeting of the Freeholders of Hanover County,” July 20, 1774, in Henry,
Patrick Henry
, 1:191â93.
Chapter 5: “Liberty or Death”: Arming for Revolution“At a Meeting of the Freeholders of Hanover County,” July 20, 1774, in Henry,
Patrick Henry
, 1:191â93.
1
Joseph Jackson, “Washington in Philadelphia,”
Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
56, no. 2 (1932): 124.
Joseph Jackson, “Washington in Philadelphia,”
Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
56, no. 2 (1932): 124.
2
Richard R. Beeman,
Plain, Honest Men: The Making of the American Constitution
(New York, 2009), 73â75.
Richard R. Beeman,
Plain, Honest Men: The Making of the American Constitution
(New York, 2009), 73â75.
3
Mark David Hall, “Roger Sherman: An Old Puritan in a New Nation,” in
The Forgotten Founders on Religion and Public Life
, ed. Daniel L. Dreisbach, Mark David Hall, and Jeffry H. Morrison (Notre Dame, IN, 2009), 248â49; John Adams to Patrick Henry, June 3, 1776, in
Papers of John Adams
, ed. Robert J. Taylor (Cambridge, MA, 1979), 4:234.
Mark David Hall, “Roger Sherman: An Old Puritan in a New Nation,” in
The Forgotten Founders on Religion and Public Life
, ed. Daniel L. Dreisbach, Mark David Hall, and Jeffry H. Morrison (Notre Dame, IN, 2009), 248â49; John Adams to Patrick Henry, June 3, 1776, in
Papers of John Adams
, ed. Robert J. Taylor (Cambridge, MA, 1979), 4:234.
4
John Adams,
The Works of John Adams, Second President of the United States: With a Life of the Author, Notes and Illustrations
(Boston, 1850â1856), 2:366â67; Richard R. Beeman,
Patrick Henry: A Biography
(New York, 1974), 60.
John Adams,
The Works of John Adams, Second President of the United States: With a Life of the Author, Notes and Illustrations
(Boston, 1850â1856), 2:366â67; Richard R. Beeman,
Patrick Henry: A Biography
(New York, 1974), 60.
6
At a Meeting of the Delegates of Every Town and District in the County of Suffolk
(Boston, 1774), 1; Adams,
Works of Adams
, 2:380.
At a Meeting of the Delegates of Every Town and District in the County of Suffolk
(Boston, 1774), 1; Adams,
Works of Adams
, 2:380.
7
Adams,
Works of Adams
, 2:390, 396; Robert Douthat Meade,
Patrick Henry: Patriot in the Making
(Philadelphia, 1957), 331.
Adams,
Works of Adams
, 2:390, 396; Robert Douthat Meade,
Patrick Henry: Patriot in the Making
(Philadelphia, 1957), 331.
8
Edmund C. Burnett, ed.,
Letters of Members of the Continental Congress
(Washington, DC, 1921), 1:28â29.
Edmund C. Burnett, ed.,
Letters of Members of the Continental Congress
(Washington, DC, 1921), 1:28â29.
9
Anne Christian to her sister, October 15, 1774, in William Fleming Papers, Washington and Lee University; Beeman,
Patrick Henry
, 63â64.
Anne Christian to her sister, October 15, 1774, in William Fleming Papers, Washington and Lee University; Beeman,
Patrick Henry
, 63â64.
11
Meade,
Patriot in the Making
, 280â282; Priscilla Hart, “The Madhouse of Colonial Williamsburg: An Interview with Shomer Zwelling,”
History News Network
, October 5, 2009, at
http://hnn.us/articles/117164.html
.
Meade,
Patriot in the Making
, 280â282; Priscilla Hart, “The Madhouse of Colonial Williamsburg: An Interview with Shomer Zwelling,”
History News Network
, October 5, 2009, at
http://hnn.us/articles/117164.html
.
12
“Recommendations and Instructions to Hanover County Delegates,” March 4, 1775, in
Revolutionary Virginia: The Road to Independence
, ed. Robert L. Scribner (Charlottesville, VA, 1975), 2:311â12.
“Recommendations and Instructions to Hanover County Delegates,” March 4, 1775, in
Revolutionary Virginia: The Road to Independence
, ed. Robert L. Scribner (Charlottesville, VA, 1975), 2:311â12.
13
“Humble Petition and Memorial of the Assembly of Jamaica,” December 28, 1774, in Scribner,
Revolutionary Virginia
, 2:363â66; “Proceedings of the Second Virginia Convention,” March 23, 1775, in Scribner,
Revolutionary Virginia
, 2:366.
“Humble Petition and Memorial of the Assembly of Jamaica,” December 28, 1774, in Scribner,
Revolutionary Virginia
, 2:363â66; “Proceedings of the Second Virginia Convention,” March 23, 1775, in Scribner,
Revolutionary Virginia
, 2:366.
14
Charles L. Cohen, “The âLiberty or Death' Speech: A Note on Religion and Revolutionary Rhetoric,”
William and Mary Quarterly
3rd series, 38, no. 4 (October 1981): 710â14.
Charles L. Cohen, “The âLiberty or Death' Speech: A Note on Religion and Revolutionary Rhetoric,”
William and Mary Quarterly
3rd series, 38, no. 4 (October 1981): 710â14.
15
William Wirt,
Sketches of the Life and Character of Patrick Henry
, 15th ed. (New York, 1857), 138â39, 141; Cohen, “âLiberty or Death' Speech,” 706.
William Wirt,
Sketches of the Life and Character of Patrick Henry
, 15th ed. (New York, 1857), 138â39, 141; Cohen, “âLiberty or Death' Speech,” 706.
17
Ibid., 140â42.
Ibid., 140â42.
18
Edmund Randolph,
History of Virginia
, ed. Arthur H. Shaffer (Charlottesville, VA, 1970), 212; James Parker to Charles Steuart, April 6, 1775, in Robert Douthat Meade,
Patrick Henry: Practical Revolutionary
(Philadelphia, 1969), 36.
Edmund Randolph,
History of Virginia
, ed. Arthur H. Shaffer (Charlottesville, VA, 1970), 212; James Parker to Charles Steuart, April 6, 1775, in Robert Douthat Meade,
Patrick Henry: Practical Revolutionary
(Philadelphia, 1969), 36.
19
Joseph Addison,
Cato, A Tragedy
(Boston, 1767), 37; H. Trevor Col-bourn,
The Lamp of Experience: Whig History and the Intellectual Origins of the American Revolution
(Chapel Hill, NC, 1965), 153; Kevin J. Hayes,
The Mind of a Patriot: Patrick Henry and the World of Ideas
(Charlottesville, VA, 2008), 72â73.
Joseph Addison,
Cato, A Tragedy
(Boston, 1767), 37; H. Trevor Col-bourn,
The Lamp of Experience: Whig History and the Intellectual Origins of the American Revolution
(Chapel Hill, NC, 1965), 153; Kevin J. Hayes,
The Mind of a Patriot: Patrick Henry and the World of Ideas
(Charlottesville, VA, 2008), 72â73.
22
“Proceedings,” March 25, 1775, in Scribner,
Revolutionary Virginia
, 2:374â75; “Lieutenant George Gilmer to the Albemarle County First Independent Company,” in Scribner,
Revolutionary Virginia
, 3:52.
“Proceedings,” March 25, 1775, in Scribner,
Revolutionary Virginia
, 2:374â75; “Lieutenant George Gilmer to the Albemarle County First Independent Company,” in Scribner,
Revolutionary Virginia
, 3:52.
23
Robert L. Scribner, “Introductory Note,” in Scribner,
Revolutionary Virginia
, 4:3â5; Michael A. McDonnell,
The Politics of War: Race, Class, and Conflict in Revolutionary Virginia
(Chapel Hill, NC, 2007), 49â50.
Robert L. Scribner, “Introductory Note,” in Scribner,
Revolutionary Virginia
, 4:3â5; Michael A. McDonnell,
The Politics of War: Race, Class, and Conflict in Revolutionary Virginia
(Chapel Hill, NC, 2007), 49â50.
24
“An Humble Address,” April 21, 1775, in Scribner,
Revolutionary Virginia
, 4:54â55; Woody Holton,
Forced Founders: Indians, Debtors, Slaves, and the Making of the American Revolution in Virginia
(Chapel Hill, NC, 1999), 141â45.
“An Humble Address,” April 21, 1775, in Scribner,
Revolutionary Virginia
, 4:54â55; Woody Holton,
Forced Founders: Indians, Debtors, Slaves, and the Making of the American Revolution in Virginia
(Chapel Hill, NC, 1999), 141â45.
26
Charles Dabney to William Wirt, December 21, 1805, in Patrick Henry Papers, Library of Congress; George Dabney to William Wirt, May 14, 1805, in Patrick Henry Papers, Library of Congress; Beeman,
Patrick Henry
, 70.
Charles Dabney to William Wirt, December 21, 1805, in Patrick Henry Papers, Library of Congress; George Dabney to William Wirt, May 14, 1805, in Patrick Henry Papers, Library of Congress; Beeman,
Patrick Henry
, 70.
28
“A True Patriot,” in
Virginia Gazette
(Pinkney), May 11, 1775, in Scribner,
Revolutionary Virginia
, 3:117; Lord Dunmore, “A Proclamation,” May 6, 1775, in Scribner,
Revolutionary Virginia
, 3:100â01.
“A True Patriot,” in
Virginia Gazette
(Pinkney), May 11, 1775, in Scribner,
Revolutionary Virginia
, 3:117; Lord Dunmore, “A Proclamation,” May 6, 1775, in Scribner,
Revolutionary Virginia
, 3:100â01.
29
Orange County Committee, “An Endorsement of Violence and Reprisal,” in Scribner,
Revolutionary Virginia
, 3:112â13.
Orange County Committee, “An Endorsement of Violence and Reprisal,” in Scribner,
Revolutionary Virginia
, 3:112â13.
30
Patrick Henry to Francis Lightfoot Lee, May 8, 1775, in Lee Family Papers, University of Virginia Library.
Patrick Henry to Francis Lightfoot Lee, May 8, 1775, in Lee Family Papers, University of Virginia Library.
32
Thomas Jefferson to William Wirt, August 4, 1805, in “Jefferson's Recollections of Patrick Henry,”
Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
34, no. 4 (1910): 393.
Thomas Jefferson to William Wirt, August 4, 1805, in “Jefferson's Recollections of Patrick Henry,”
Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
34, no. 4 (1910): 393.
33
George Washington to John Washington, June 20, 1775, in
The Papers of George Washington: Digital Edition
, ed. Theodore Crackel (Charlottesville, VA, 2007); Beeman,
Patrick Henry
, 72.
Chapter 6: “To Cut the Knot”: IndependenceGeorge Washington to John Washington, June 20, 1775, in
The Papers of George Washington: Digital Edition
, ed. Theodore Crackel (Charlottesville, VA, 2007); Beeman,
Patrick Henry
, 72.
1
William Waller Hening, ed.,
The Statutes at Large
(Richmond, VA, 1821), 9:36; “Patrick Henry's Commission,”
American Historical Record
2, no. 13 (January 1873): 32â33.
William Waller Hening, ed.,
The Statutes at Large
(Richmond, VA, 1821), 9:36; “Patrick Henry's Commission,”
American Historical Record
2, no. 13 (January 1873): 32â33.
2
“Form of a Commission for the Colonel of the First Regiment, and Commander in Chief of the Regular Forces,” August 26, 1775, in
Revolutionary Virginia: The Road to Independence
, ed. Robert L. Scribner (Charlottesville, VA, 1978), 3:498.
“Form of a Commission for the Colonel of the First Regiment, and Commander in Chief of the Regular Forces,” August 26, 1775, in
Revolutionary Virginia: The Road to Independence
, ed. Robert L. Scribner (Charlottesville, VA, 1978), 3:498.
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