Pericles of Athens (52 page)

55.
Heraclides Ponticus (fourth century B.C.), fr. 150 Wehrli (= Diogenes Laertius, 9.50).
See Stadter 1991; and earlier,
chapter 7
.

56.
Schmitt Pantel 2009, 166.

57.
Pericles
, 38.3–4.

58.
See Theophrastus,
Characters
, 16 (the superstitious man).

59.
Pericles
, 6.2.

60.
See, for example, Ildefonse 2005, 232.

61.
Bruit 2005, 86–87.

62.
See, above all, Dover 1988b, 146–147.

63.
See earlier,
chapter 1
.

64.
Thucydides, 1.127.1–2.

65.
Lysias,
Against Andocides
(6), 10.

66.
Schmitt Pantel 2009, 102–104.

67.
See Dio of Prusa,
Olympikos
, 6. According to the pseudo-Aristotelian
Peri kosmou
(first century A.D.), Phidias positioned his portrait at the center of the shield,
linking it to the statue by an invisible mechanism in such a way that if any attempt
was made to remove it, the entire construction fell to pieces.

68.
Donnay 1968, 19–36; and Rolley 1999, 128.

69.
Aristophanes,
Peace
, 605; and Philochorus,
FGrHist
328 F 121.

70.
See Rolley 1999, 64; and Holtzmann 2003, 113.

71.
Scholia to Aristophanes,
Peace
, 605a and b. See now Bakola 2010, 305–312, according to whom the trial probably took
place in 434/3.

72.
Plutarch,
Pericles
, 32.1–2. See earlier,
chapter 7
.

73.
Banfi 1999.

74.
Pericles
, 32.1. See Connor 1963, 115–118; and, earlier, Derenne 1930, and Rudhardt 1960.

75.
See, respectively, Plato,
Apology
, 26d; and Plutarch,
Nicias
, XXIII, 3.

76.
Lenfant 2002.

77.
Ibid., 146.

78.
On the critique of Diopeithes, see Aristophanes,
Knights
, 1085,
Wasps
, 380, Ameipsias, fr. 10 K.-A.

79.
Thucydides, 2.52.3–4.

Chapter 9. A
FTER
P
ERICLES
: T
HE
D
ECLINE OF
A
THENS
?

 
1.
See for example Connor 1992, who, however, does not himself adopt the moral and “decadentist”
views of the ancient sources.

 
2.
Thucydides, 2.65.5 and 10.

 
3.
Constitution of the Athenians
, 28.1. This dividing line is later, in the second century B.C., also recognized by
Polybius: “At Athens at least we find that during the government of Aristides and
Pericles the state was the author of few cruel actions, but of many kind and praiseworthy
ones, while under Cleon and Chares it was quite the reverse” (
Histories
, 9.23.6).

 
4.
Whereas Thucydides contrasts Pericles to all his successors, Ps.-Aristotle sets out
a double opposition: on the one hand, between the leaders of the
dēmos
and the leaders of the elite, on the other, between the leaders of the people down
to Pericles and those who succeeded him.

 
5.
See earlier,
chapter 3
.

 
6.
Ps.-Aristotle,
Constitution of the Athenians
, 28.3, mentions the “two-obol dole” introduced by Cleophon. This grant given to a
citizen to enable him to take part in festivals (
IG
I
³
188, l. 10 f.) was established right after the fall of the oligarchy of 411 and was
abolished in 404, though it was reestablished not long after.

 
7.
In the
Nicomachean Ethics
, 6.5.1140b4 f., Pericles appears as an emblem of
phronēsis
, the practical ability to deliberate accompanied by reason, and knowing how to adapt
to the constant movements of the world. See Aubenque 1986, 53–60.

 
8.
Eupolis, fr. 384 K.-A., possibly from his play titled
The Demes
.

 
9.
The term is attested for the first time in Aristophanes in 422 B.C. in
Wasps
(1309). See Connor 1992, 155–156, n. 40. In 428 B.C., just after the death of Pericles,
Cratinus had coined the composite name
neoploutoponeroi
, the “new rich criminals,” which implies the earlier existence of a shorter word
(fr. 223 K.-A.).

10.
IG
II
²
2318, l. 34.

11.
Davies 1971, no. 8674 (Cleon) and no. 3773 (Dikaiogenes).

12.
Brenne 1994.

13.
Cratinus, fr. 73, l. 69–71 K.-A.

14.
Podlecki 1998, 129.

15.
See Bloedow 2000, 295–309, which shows to what extent the opposition between Pericles
and his successors on the subject of imperialistic behavior needs to be relativized.
See earlier,
chapter 4
.

16.
Mann 2007.

17.
Demosthenes,
Third Olynthiac
(3), 21–22.

18.
FGrHist
107 F 11 (= Plutarch,
Pericles
, 36.3). See earlier,
chapter 6
.

19.
See Plutarch,
Pericles
, 36.1. This pedagogic failure is also noted by Antisthenes, according to Athenaeus
(5.220D): The
Aspasia
[of Antisthenes] slanders Xanthippus and Paralus, the sons of Pericles. One of them,
he says, lived with Archestratus, who plied a trade similar to that of women in the
cheaper brothels; the other was the boon companion of Euphemus, who used to make vulgar
and heartless jokes at the expense of all whom he met.”

20.
Protagoras
, 319e–320a. See also
Meno
, 93b–e: “The great Pericles himself did not succeed in teaching his sons virtue,
nor did he provide them with a teacher in that discipline.”

21.
See Xenophon,
Memorabilia
, 1.2.12–13.

22.
Ibid., 3.5.13.

23.
Gorgias
, 502d–503b.

24.
FGrHist
115 F 90 (= Athenaeus, 12, 533A–C).

25.
Republic
, VI, 492c.

26.
Plato,
Gorgias
, 510b–e.

27.
See Schmitt Pantel 2009, 72.

C
HAPTER
10. T
HE
I
NDIVIDUAL AND
D
EMOCRACY
: T
HE
P
LACE OF THE
“G
REAT
M
AN
”

 
1.
Lysias,
Against Nicomachus
(30), 28.

 
2.
Brun 2005b, 197.

 
3.
Tackling the Plutarchian tradition, Gustave Glotz 1931, 133, thus referred to Ephialtes
as “Pericles’ lieutenant.” Will 1972, 172, on the contrary does not even mention Pericles
in connection with this affair.

 
4.
See Wohl 2009, 172–173.

 
5.
See earlier,
chapter 8
.

 
6.
Telekleides, fr. 45 K.-A. (= Plutarch,
Pericles
, 16.2).

 
7.
Herodotus, 6.131. See earlier,
chapter 1
.

 
8.
Heracles and Achilles both possess lion’s hearts: see Homer,
Iliad
, 5.639,
Odyssey
, 11.267; Hesiod,
Theogony
, 1007.

 
9.
Herodotus, 5.56.1. Some man was said to have spoken the following enigmatic words
to Hipparchus: “Lion, with an enduring heart, endure the unendurable trials that strike
you.”

10.
In 566, the ancient festival of Athena was reorganized and turned into the Great
Panathenaea. See Neils 1992, 20, on the supposed role played by Pisistratus in this
reorganization. See also Nagy 1996, 111 and nn. 23–24. On Pericles and the Panathenaea,
see earlier,
chapter 8
.

11.
Aristotle,
Politics
, 5.11.1313b23.

12.
Plutarch,
Comparison between Pericles and Fabius Maximus
, 3.5.

13.
See Etienne 2004, 190–205 (“La nouvelle Athènes d’Hadrien”).

14.
Cratinus,
The Women of Thrace
, fr. 73 K.-A.

15.
Lycurgus [“Against Cephisodotus, on the honours given to Demades”], fr. VIII, 2.

16.
See Hurwit 2004, 98 [
chapter 3
, “Pericles, Athens and the building program”].

17.
Thucydides, 1.107.1: “The Athenians began the construction of the Long Walls.”

18.
Plato,
Gorgias
, 455e: “You know, I suppose, that these great arsenals and walls of Athens and the
construction of your harbours are due to the advice of Themistocles and in part to
that of Pericles, not to your craftsmen … and, as to Pericles, I heard him myself
when he was advising us about the middle wall.” See earlier,
chapter 2
.

19.
See the enlightening remarks of Brulé 1994, 97.

20.
See Brulé 1994, 97.

21.
See
Pericles
, 3.8 and
IG
I
³
506 (=
Syll
.
³
1001):
Athenaioi tei Athenaiai tei Hugieiai. Purros epoiesen Athenaios
. See earlier,
chapter 8
; and Leventi 2003, T 4.

22.
IG
I
³
49, l. 13–14 (= ATL II, D 19). See Mattingly 1961, 164–165.

23.
We should remember that the population of Piraeus, the port of Athens, depended entirely
on cisterns for its water supply. This project was part of a more extensive policy
designed to safeguard the welfare of the Athenians in times of war. See Woodhead 1973–1974,
751–761.

24.
From the mid-fourth century onward, acts of euergetism were accepted more readily
by the Athenian people. In 333/2, Pytheas was elected as the city superintendent of
works connected with the supply of water (
epimeletēs tōn krēnōn
). When he had completed his term of office, the city honored him with a golden crown
worth 1,000 drachmas for having used his own resources to cover certain expenses and,
in particular, for having repaired a fountain in the sanctuary of Amphiaraus and for
having constructed another one in the sanctuary of Ammon. See
IG
II
²
338, l. 11–17 (=
Syll
.
³
281). See Dillon 1996.

25.
Ps.-Aristotle,
Constitution of the Athenians
, 27.3–5 and 18.1. See also Theopompus,
FGrHist
115 F 89 (= Athenaeus, 12.532f–533c).

26.
He died soon after his return, during the siege of Citium on Cyprus, in 449 B.C.

27.
See Plutarch,
Pericles
, 9.2–3 and also Plutarch,
Cimon
, 10.1–3.

28.
Deniaux and Schmitt Pantel 1987–1989, 153.

29.
On this question, see Schmitt Pantel 1992, 180–196; followed by Pébarthe 2007.

30.
See earlier,
chapter 2
; and Dover 1960, 76.

31.
See earlier, introduction.

32.
See Ehrenberg 1945, 113–134.

33.
Thucydides, 1.117.2. Socrates of Anagyrous was also
stratēgos
during the Samos war in 441/0. He was sufficiently influential to risk ostracism
in 443, having possibly been
khorēgos
for the poet Euripides in 442. In the 430s, he dedicated a
khorēgos
’s monument celebrating a victory in the rural Dionysia, the first known monument
of this kind: see
IG
I
³
969; and Csapo 2010, 91 and 94.

34.
Thucydides, 4.102. At this point, Hagnon may have again been elected
stratēgos
. See Podlecki 1998, 129.

35.
Four
ostraka
bearing the name Hagnon are listed in Siewert 2002, 53. See, more generally, Pesely
1989, 191–209.

36.
See Andocides,
On Peace
, 6; and Diodorus Siculus, 12.7.1. There were ten negotiators, but Pericles was clearly
not among them.

37.
See Kallet 2009, 56.

38.
Thucydides, 3.36.2–3.49.1. On the
dēmos
’s power over the orators: Sinclair 1988, 136–162; Ober 1996, 132–135.

39.
Fröhlich 2000, 83–86.

40.
Pericles was a
stratēgos
at least three times in succession between 448/7 and 446/5. See Fornara 1971, 47.

41.
Ps.-Aristotle,
Constitution of the Athenians
, 61.1 and 43.4.

42.
See MacDowell 1978, 169.

43.
Plutarch,
Pericles
, 35.4, mentions a fine of 15 or 50 talents; Diodorus Siculus, 12.45.4, for his part,
records a sum of 80 talents. See Podlecki 1998, 51. While
the nature of the charges indicates a rendering of accounts (theft, misappropriation
of funds), the timing—in mid-mandate—suggests, rather, a trial for high treason.

44.
Ephorus,
FGrHist
70 F 196 (= Diodorus, 12.38.3–4): “As he had used for his own personal purposes [
idiai
] quite a large part of the sum [from the treasury of the Delian League that had been
transferred to Athens] he was asked to explain this, but he fell ill and was incapable
of providing a justification.”

45.
Brenne 1994, 13–24. See Plutarch,
Cimon
, 4.7.

46.
Hall 2006, 388.

47.
See earlier,
chapter 7
, the section titled “Pericles and Aspasia” (for the critics of his relationship with
Aspasia).

48.
Information relating to these censure issues has been collected and examined by Halliwell
1991.