Playing Scared (4 page)

Stage fright exposes the foolishness of the body, so easily deceived and outmaneuvered by the mind. Naturally, people are loath to accept it. How can symptoms so excessive and seemingly life-threatening proceed from mere anxiety? The British actor Michael Gambon, the lovable Dumbledore in the Harry Potter films, has twice been rushed to the hospital for symptoms of stage fright. In 2013, his performance anxiety forced him to withdraw from a play at the National Theatre in London.
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The American evangelist Rick Warren, minister of the twenty-two-thousand-member Saddleback Church in Southern California, has explained his public-speaking problem as a purely physiological brain malfunction, though most neuroscientists would call it stage fright. His symptoms are so extreme that they have temporarily blinded him: “When I stand up to speak and adrenaline hits my system, I cannot see until that adrenaline drains out. It is a very rare
disorder; I have been to all the top clinics in the world, and they said they may name a syndrome after me! There are only fourteen or fifteen people they know of who have it. It makes public speaking excruciatingly painful. Everyone knows that adrenaline is a public speaker’s best friend: If you do not have adrenaline, you are boring. You need it for passion. So when I get up to speak, adrenaline hits my system like any public speaker. I am not talking about nerves; I speak to 22,000 people every Sunday morning. I am not talking about stage fright. I have spoken in the Superdome three times. I have spoken to over a million people at one time. But when adrenaline hits my system, I go almost blind until it drains out. When I got up here, you did not know it, but I could not see you. I could not even see my notes.”
⁹

A syndrome
was
named after Steve Blass, the Pittsburgh Pirates pitcher who woke up one day in 1973 to discover he could no longer find the strike zone. He had been among the dominant pitchers in the major leagues, with a ninety-mile-per-hour fastball and a nearly unhittable slider. The latter pitch was notoriously hard to control, but Blass was so sure of himself that he’d throw it even when behind in the count. He won eighteen games for the Pirates in 1968 and another sixteen in 1969. He was a member of the National League All-Star team in 1972 and finished second in that year’s voting for the Cy Young Award. When he collapsed, when “the Thing” brought him to his knees, it was like a real-life version of
Groundhog Day
: Inning after inning, as if in a dream, he walked batters, threw wild pitches straight to the backstop, and allowed a multitude of stolen bases. The most mystifying
thing about it was that when he threw alone with a catcher in the bullpen, he was as good as ever.

Blass consulted psychologists, tried transcendental meditation, and ran down every tip, no matter how patently ridiculous, including, famously, one fan’s suggestion that he invest in a loose set of boxers. Forty years later, I phoned him at his home in Pennsylvania. A good-natured man who had spent the intervening decades as a Pirates TV color commentator, he didn’t mind talking about it. “Steve Blass disease” had become part of the baseball lexicon. He understood the fascination: “It’s so damn illusive unless you’re living it.” And though he never could figure out why it struck him in the first place, he all too clearly understood the physiology. “I would physically tighten up—and you can’t pitch like that. No flow, you’re just hoping the ball will go where you want it to, but you don’t expect it to.”

Tightening up is the key, as etymology bears out. The word
anxiety
comes from the Old French
anguere
, meaning to choke, constrict, strangle, or cut off at the airway. It describes the very hallmark of performance anxiety—the rapid, shallow breathing that occurs when the muscles contract and you begin to shake. Utterance of the word forces the tongue backward, blocking off the throat. In other words, just saying the word embodies its very meaning. The harder you try to control these muscles, the more they tremble. So we choke, bite the apple, and gasp for breath.

Google “stage fright” and you get more than seven million hits—a catalog of phobias, instant cures, and celebrities who wrestle with their anxiety. For some, it comes and goes like
malaria, showing up at the most unexpected times. Laurence Olivier was fifty-seven, long regarded as the world’s foremost actor, when he suddenly became crippled by stage fright while playing Othello. It never subsided, and for the next ten years of his career, he had to be pushed onstage, where his fellow actors were forbidden to look him in the eye. Mahatma Gandhi was only a young lawyer in England when he attended a small gathering of a vegetarian society, stood to read a few remarks, and discovered that he could not speak: “My vision became blurred and I trembled, though the speech hardly covered a sheet of foolscap.” Thomas Jefferson’s law career was disrupted by a fear of public speaking. His voice would “sink in his throat” whenever he tried to give a speech, according to one biographer. In his eight years as president, Jefferson delivered only two—the inaugural address for his first and second terms.

When, in March 2012, U.S. solicitor general Donald Verrilli went before the Supreme Court in defense of President Barack Obama’s health care legislation, he was a player at the highest level of his profession, a lawyer who had argued more than a hundred high court cases. But this one became a train wreck. At the beginning of his oral argument, he stumbled and stammered. When he paused to sip from a glass of water, the ice cubes clinked louder than his words. He lost his place, repeated himself, his voice quivering as he asked the justices to excuse him. A blogger from
Mother Jones
compared his performance with that of a teenager giving a high school oral presentation for the first time and opined that Verrilli should be grateful the Supreme Court didn’t allow cameras in the courtroom. Another
publication derided him as “a case of stage fright that skipped right past funny and went directly to pitiable.” If Obamacare went down, as so many prematurely predicted, it would be the fault of Verrilli’s “pathetic” performance.

According to one theory, stage fright is a phenomenon of modernity. Nicholas Ridout, a British cultural theorist, dates it to the introduction in 1879 of electric lights in theaters across England and Europe. Prior to that time, auditoriums were never completely darkened; now, with a flick of a switch, a hall could be blackened, leaving the performer isolated in the spotlight, staring out at an invisible void. The theaters of ancient Greece had been outdoor affairs, designed to take advantage of sunlight, while those of the Renaissance depended on oil lamps, torches, and candles. A painting from 1670 of the Comédie-Française in Paris shows a stage lit by six chandeliers and a bank of thirty-four “footlights,” large candles requiring a crew of candlesnuffers to extinguish. By the eighteenth century, the Drury Lane Theatre in London had introduced a “float,” a long metal trough filled with oil, in which metal saucers, each holding a flickering wick, would bob like buoys. The trough was lowered into a hatch in the stage floor by ropes and pulleys, to create a dimming effect.

The inception of gas lighting in the early nineteenth century allowed for still greater control. Now, a near blackout could be achieved. But theater operators weren’t interested in darkness: They understood that the ruling classes went to the theater to see and be seen, to flirt and conduct business, to show off their costumes and jewels. In nineteenth-century novels, from
Madame Bovary
to
The Mill on the Floss
and
War and Peace
, the opera glass is turned on the audience more frequently—and to greater plot effect—than on the stage. The opening scene of Edith Wharton’s
The Age of Innocence
(published in 1920) is a classic case. When Newland Archer trains his opera glass on his fiancée’s box, he catches sight of another woman—the tempting princess Ellen Olenska, “with brown hair growing in close curls about her temples and held in place by a narrow band of diamonds.” So much for the opera.

The social role of the theater demanded a brightly lit auditorium. But composer Richard Wagner and other radicals of the second half of the nineteenth century were pushing a different agenda. Wagner’s Bayreuth audiences sat in utter darkness, eager to merge with the composer’s metaphysical epics—with his
Gesamtkunstwerk
, the grand unification of the arts. The theater gradually was becoming less a social setting than a quasi-mystical one, no small thanks to the power of electricity.

In his book
Stage Fright, Animals, and Other Theatrical Problems
, Ridout says that the introduction of electricity in 1879 coincided with these changing ideas about the role of theater and paved the way for a major shift in the balance of power between performers and their audiences. Now the center of attention belonged more fully to the actor and musician, whose social roles were simultaneously undergoing major changes. No longer retained by the court, they were becoming independent contractors and thus newly vulnerable to the economic approval of the modern-day audience or “entertainment consumer.” The approval of that audience had
a direct impact on the performer’s very employment and economic success.

These changes further coincided with a new paradigm of acting then coming to prominence and making unprecedented demands on performers. The Stanislavski system, developed in the late nineteenth century by the Russian actor and director Constantin Stanislavski, required that actors go deep into their own psyches for “emotion memory,” to make their most intimate experiences the basis of their performances. “It is not just the actor’s professional credibility or employment prospects that are at stake when he or she steps on stage,” writes Ridout, “it is his or her self: a negative response from an audience is no longer just a comment on professional accomplishment, it has become a judgement upon the inner self. This judgement is exercised in darkness. The actor under scrutiny is initially blinded by the light, and even when this effect fades as the eyes adjust, the auditorium presents an undifferentiated darkness.”
¹⁰

Stanislavski chronicled his own stage fright in
An Actor Prepares
, a barely fictionalized account of his younger self—the aspiring actor Kostya, who one day steps to the front of the stage and peers out into “the awful hole” as he performs the role of Othello (the same role, incidentally, that precipitated Olivier’s stage fright).
¹¹
It is only a rehearsal, but his terror grows, so that by the time of performance, “the fear and attraction of the public seemed stronger than ever” and Kostya is paralyzed. His voice makes high-pitched sounds, his hands have turned to stone, and he can barely breathe. He feels severed from the world. And then, as he gasps the famous
line “Blood, Iago, blood!” a murmur runs through the audience, signaling some deep-seated recognition. Somehow, the feelings of terror and rage against his own helplessness—and his stage fright—have created something real. Ridout suggests the “awful hole” could serve as a stand-in for Kostya’s very soul. It could also symbolize the vagina, he adds, then immediately cautions the reader not to put too much stock in this Freudian suggestion. “It would be wrong to suggest that every, or indeed, any actor experiencing stage fright is reliving some infant anxiety about origins, membranes and fluids.” Sometimes a cigar is just a cigar.

The act of getting up onstage is, by its nature, an aggressive act: “Look at me! Listen to me!” the performer demands, whether it’s to speak, act, play music, preach or argue before a court of law. When the performance is deemed a failure, the audience may consider itself entitled to lash back—Hiss! Boo! Splat go the tomatoes. The actor or musician must wrest control of the crowd, like a lion tamer whipping the beast into submission. Stephen Aaron, a New York psychologist, actor, and director, writes about this mutual antagonism in
Stage Fright: Its Role in Acting
: “The audience remains the bad presence in the house—the uninvited—threatening to persecute the actor by humiliation, ridicule, starvation, and indifference until the actor has made contact with them, until the stage and the house are merged.”
¹²
Aaron duly notes that performance is an aggressive/erotic endeavor, never more apparent than in the confrontational language unique to backstage theater: “Knock ’em dead,” “Fuck ’em,” “Lay ’em in the aisles.” Olivier used to stand behind the curtain, muttering
“You bastards” at his audience. Blythe Danner buoyed her spirits with the battle cry “Go out there and maim them.”

As a child actor on the New York stage, Eric Brown knew nothing of such one-way confrontations; he exhibited a panache that made older actors envious. He began his career at four, blowing bubbles through a straw in a Listerine commercial. When he was twelve, he played Pippin in the musical’s national touring cast. At thirteen, he made his Broadway debut in
On Golden Pond
. Two years later, he was cast as Phillip Fillmore in the 1981 film
Private Lessons
, a steamy coming-of-age comedy about a teenager seduced by his thirty-something French governess. The Dutch actress Sylvia Kristel, star of the soft-porn
Emmanuelle
films, played the sexy governess, and
Private Lessons
became a cult sensation. Brown was golden. After graduating high school, he took off for Los Angeles to join the cast of
Mama’s Family
, a spin-off of
The Carol Burnett Show
.

But he soon found himself adrift. On the first day of shooting, when cued to introduce his character on camera, he opened his mouth and said, “Ah …” He tried again. “My name is …” He couldn’t remember his character’s name, and it took three takes before he could say his line: “My name is Buzz!” That mishap set in motion a pattern of anxiety attacks that undermined his confidence and derailed his career. Cast in a two-character play titled
Mass Appeal
, Brown and his stage partner stumbled on opening night, repeating three pages of dialogue three times.

“And everybody knew it. It was like watching an animal on
Animal Kingdom
that isn’t dead yet.” Though he’s telling it
from a distance of thirty years, he winces as he recounts the experience. He broke out in hives and developed gastrointestinal problems. His doctor advised him to quit acting before he made himself sick. And then came the final blow.
Mama’s Family
—Brown was still in the cast—was canceled. “I had just come off a movie that made a lot of money. I had a big-shot agent. Then he dropped me, which was devastating. I felt I had underachieved, I felt I had underperformed.”