Polio Wars (105 page)

40.
Basil O'Connor “The Fight Against Poliomyelitis: Everybody's Business”
Archives of Physical Medicine
(October 1952) 33: 594; Hart E. Van Riper “The Program of the National Foundation of Infantile Paralysis”
American Journal of Physical Medicine
(August 1952) 31: 311; Daniel Wilson “Psychological Trauma and Its Treatment in the Polio Epidemics”
Bulletin of the History of Medicine
(2008) 82: 848–877. See also Kenneth S. Landauer “The National Aspects In Providing Complete Medical Care in Poliomyelitis” [1950] [enclosed in] Landauer to Dear Dr. McCulloch, September 25 1950, Public Relations, American Academy of Pediatrics, MOD.

41.
O'Connor “The Fight Against Poliomyelitis,” 594; Howard A. Rusk and Eugene J. Taylor
New Hope for the Handicapped: The Rehabilitation of the Disabled from Bed to Job
(New York: Harper & Brothers, 1946, 1949), 163; Van Riper “The Program of the National Foundation,” 311; Landauer “The National Aspects In Providing Complete Medical Care” [1950].

42.
Hart Van Riper, letter to editor,
JAMA
(December 24 1949) 141: 1260.

43.
Landauer “The National Aspects In Providing Complete Medical Care” [1950]. On the argument that the NFIP should not continue to support “prolonged and unnecessary hospitalization and physical therapy” see J. Albert Key in Question Period after “The Medical-Care Program of the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, Inc.”
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery
(January 1951) 33: 201.

44.
“A.M.A. Board Orders Gagging of Dr. Fishbein”
Chicago Daily Tribune
June 7 1949; “Lightning Rod”
Time
(June 20 1949) 53: 50, 53; Frank D. Campion
The AMA and U.S. Health Policy since 1940
(Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 1984), 131–137.

45.
“A.M.A. Board Orders Gagging of Dr. Fishbein”; for his version see Fishbein
Autobiography
, 298–313. On Fishbein's ouster see Milton Mayer “The Rise and Fall of Doctor Fishbein”
New York Times
June 8 1949; Patricia Spain Ward “
United States versus American Medical Association et al.:
The Medical Anti-Trust Case of 1938–1943”
American Studies
(1989) 30: 123–153; Campion
The AMA since 1940
, 113–125; Jonathan Engel
Doctors and Reformers: Discussion and Debate over Health Policy 1925–1950
(Charleston: University of South Carolina Press, 2002), 293–294.

46.
“Morris Fishbein Quitting A.M.A. Journal Post”
Chicago Daily Tribune
November 24 1949; “Fishbein Tells Plans to Teach at U. of Illinois”
Chicago Daily Tribune
December 2 1949; “A.M.A. Journal Editor Is a Man of Many Words”
Chicago Daily Tribune
January 8 1950. See also John Burnham “American Medicine's Golden Age: What Happened to It?”
Science
(1982) 215: 1474–1479; Allan M. Brandt and Martha Gardner “The Golden Age of Medicine?” in Roger Cooter and John Pickstone eds,
Medicine in the Twentieth Century
(Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000), 21–37

47.
“Warren's Daughter Stricken by Polio”
Los Angeles Times
November 8 1950. It is not clear whether Nina received any Kenny treatment, but she did not join a KF campaign; by January 1952 she was featured as queen of a March of Dimes float in the Rose Parade; “Parade Launches U.S. Dimes Drive”
Los Angeles Times
January 1 1952.

48.
Kenny “Concerning the Extension of My Work in the State of California” [1949]; [Cohn interview with] Robert Bingham May 19 1955, Cohn Papers, MHS-K.

49.
Kenny “Concerning the Extension of My Work in the State of California” [1949]; “Doctor Claims Cure for Some Tissue Disease”
Washington Post
September 16 1949; Harvey E. Billig to Dear Sister Kenny, September 23 1949, Minnesota-Hospitals, 1944–1961, Sister Kenny Institute, Judd Papers, MHS; “Ex-Polio Patients Get Treatments”
Los Angeles Times
December 5 1949.

50.
[Transcript] Telephone Conversation Between Dr. Van Riper and Dr. Huenkens From Los Angeles, California, April 12 1949, Public Relations, MOD-K; Kenny “Concerning the Extension of My Work in the State of California” [1949]; Huenkens to Dear Doctor Huddleston, April 22 1949, Public Relations, MOD-K; L. Dee Belveal [Southern California State Office NFIP] to Dr. Hart Van Riper Memorandum Re: Kenny Foundation Conflict, April 11 1949, Public Relations, MOD-K.

51.
Kenny “Concerning the Extension of My Work in the State of California” [1949].

52.
George D. Roberts “Activities of the Northern California Chapter,” November 4 1949, San Francisco-Misc., MHS-K; “Kenny Polio Fund Diversion Charged”
Los Angeles Times
April 11 1950; “Bing Crosby Testifies In Mail Fraud Case”
Washington Post
April 11 1952; “Von Morpurgo Accused of Getting Money”
San Francisco News
April 10 1950; “$10,000 Bail Set in Sister Kenny Charge”
Los Angeles Mirror
August 31 1951; John J. Barnwell to Dear Sister Kenny, November 16 1949, John J. Barnwell, 1947–1950, MHS-K; “U.S. Accuses Publicist of Duping Sister Kenny”
Los Angeles Times
August 30 1951; “Convicted In Polio Fraud”
New York Times
April 27 1952; see also Cohn
Sister Kenny
, 239–240.

53.
Kenny to Dear Mr. Barnwell, November 18 1949, John J. Barnwell, 1947–1950, MHS-K; Kenny to Dear Mr. Barnwell, January 16 1950, John J. Barnwell, 1947–1950, MHS-K; Kenny to Dear Mr. Kline, October 4 1951, Marvin L. Kline, 1942–1959, MHS-K; Kenny “Concerning the Extension of My Work in the State of California” [1949].

54.
“Film Charity Group Gives $10,000 to Kenny Fund”
Los Angeles Times
March 14 1949; Kenny “Concerning the Extension of My Work in the State of California” [1949]; Kenny to Dear Mr. Henry, November 22 1949, James Henry, 1943–1951, MHS-K.

55.
Thomas Angland, a physician in Yakima, Washington, had studied her work at the Institute during the war and then proposed a fundraising drive to expand his own small clinic into a Kenny center. The KF Board refused to help him and although Angland remained a proponent of the work, the opportunity to expand the KF organization in the Northwest faded; Kenny “Concerning the Extension of My Work in the State of California” [1949]; Thomas A. Angland to Dear Miss Kenny, September 21 1949, Minnesota-Hospitals, 1944–1961, Sister Kenny Institute, Judd Papers, MHS; see also “Statement by Dr. Thomas A. Angland, M.D. F.A.C.S., of Yakima, Washington, June 30, 1948,” Washington 1942–1948, MHS-K.

56.
Roland Berg to Dear Frank [Carey], April 26 1951, Public Relations, MOD-K; Van Riper to Dear Mr. [Charles B.] Sweatt, January 25 1949, Public Relations, MOD-K.

57.
Kenny “This Report Was Presented,” 7.

58.
Kenny to Dear Miss Bridle, May 25 1949, Wilson Collection.

59.
Kenny to Dear Mr. Dayton, January 31 1950, Donald C. Dayton, 1944–1951, MHS-K; Kenny “Report to the Board of the Directors of the Sister Elizabeth Kenny Foundation,” September 1 1950, Board of Directors, MHS-K.

60.
Cohn “Sister Kenny … Back in the Battle Again.”

61.
Kenny in “[Report] Poliomyelitis, Kenny Institute at Jersey City Medical Center, Jersey City, New Jersey, June 29 1949,” Jersey City Medical Center, 1944–1950, MHS-K.

62.
Kenny “Concerning the Extension of My Work in the State of California” [1949].

63.
Kenny to Mr. President, Mrs. Webber and Gentlemen, February 24 1948; Kenny “Concerning the Extension of My Work in the State of California” [1949].

64.
Jungeblut in “[Report] Poliomyelitis, Kenny Institute at Jersey City Medical Center, Jersey City, New Jersey, June 29 1949.” By 1949 he was receiving $10,000 a year; [transcript], “Conversation Between Sister Kenny and Mr. Marvin Kline, November 29 1950,” Marvin L. Kline, 1942–1959, MHS-K. For his growing prominence as a KF-funded researcher see Albert V. Szent-Gyorgyi to Dear Claus, December 4 1950, Box 2, St-Sz, Jungeblut Papers, NLM.

65.
Jungeblut in “[Report] Poliomyelitis, Kenny Institute at Jersey City Medical Center, Jersey City, New Jersey, June 29 1949.” For an example of research backing up Jungeblut's claim that the polio virus [or at least Jungeblut's SK virus] might affect muscle fibers see Robert Rustigan and Alwin M. Pappenheimer “Myositis in Mice Following Intramuscular Injection of Viruses of the Mouse Encephalitis Group and of Certain Other Neurotropic Viruses”
Journal of Experimental Medicine
(1949) 89: 69–92. Note that this paper was cited by Enders et al. in their 1949
Science
article.

66.
Jungeblut in “[Report] Poliomyelitis, Kenny Institute at Jersey City Medical Center, Jersey City, New Jersey, June 29 1949.” He also suggested that researchers had used a misleading and incorrect strain of virus, which was cultured in the brains of experimental monkeys and then passed from laboratory to laboratory over the previous 3 decades.

67.
Paul
A History
, 378–379. See also John Paul's comment that “I was stupidly unaware of the implications that this finding held. At least it did not appear to me as an electrifying piece of news … it hardly seemed to me a trick which could be put to any special or practical diagnostic use. How utterly mistaken was my preliminary judgment of this discovery!” in Paul
A History
, 373–374. For an example of the older concept see Roland H. Berg
Polio and Its Problems
(Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1948), 57.

68.
Huenkens in “[Report] Poliomyelitis, Kenny Institute at Jersey City Medical Center, Jersey City, New Jersey, June 29 1949.”

69.
Kenny in “[Report] Poliomyelitis, Kenny Institute at Jersey City Medical Center, Jersey City, New Jersey, June 29 1949.”

70.
Jungeblut in “[Report] Poliomyelitis, Kenny Institute at Jersey City Medical Center, Jersey City, New Jersey, June 29 1949.”

71.
Kenny in “[Report] Poliomyelitis, Kenny Institute at Jersey City Medical Center, Jersey City, New Jersey, June 29 1949.”

72.
Kenny to the President And Members of the Board of Directors, December 15 1950, Board of Directors, MHS-K.

73.
Kenny to Dear Mr. Henry, November 22 1949.

74.
Kenny To The President And Members of the Board of Directors of the Elizabeth Kenny Institute, September 21 1950, Board of Directors, MHS-K.

75.
[Program] “Medical Seminar on Infantile Paralysis Sponsored by Sister Elizabeth Kenny Foundation, October 3, 4, 5, 1949, Minneapolis, Minnesota,” Kenny Collection, Fryer Library.

76.
Kenny to Dear Mr. Haverstock, April 6 1951, Henry W. Haverstock, MHS-K.

77.
[Cohn interview with] Pete Gazzola, August 25 1953, Cohn Papers, MHS-K.

78.
Robert Bingham to Dear Sister Kenny, October 4 1949, Minnesota-Hospitals, 1944–1961, Sister Kenny Institute, Judd Papers, MHS; A. E. Deacon to Dear Sister Kenny, September 28 1949, Minnesota-Hospitals, 1944–1961, Sister Kenny Institute, Judd Papers, MHS.

79.
Ethel Calhoun “A Report On The Use of The Sister Kenny Concept and Method of Treatment for Poliomyelitis Patients at Oakland County Contagious Hospital, 1944–1949” [1949], Minnesota-Hospitals, 1944–1961, Sister Kenny Institute, Judd Papers, MHS.

80.
Kenny “This Report Was Presented,” 7.

81.
Francis MacFarlane Burnet
Changing Patterns: An Atypical Autobiography
(Melbourne: William Heinemann, 1968), 166–168; see also Paul
A History
, 225–229. He had published an influential paper co-written with Jean Macnamara in 1931 proposing that the strain of polio virus developed from patients in a local epidemic had properties distinctive from the Rockefeller Institute's MV strain.

82.
C. W. Jungeblut to My Dear Miss Kenny, December 21 1949, Minnesota Hospitals, 1944–1961, Sister Kenny Institute, Judd Papers, MHS.

83.
Walton [quoted in] Kenny “This Report Was Presented,” 10; see also Lancelot H. F. Walton to Dear Sister Kenny, July 14 1950, Minnesota-Hospitals, 1944–1961, Judd Papers, MHS.

84.
E. J. Huenkens To Whom It May Concern, June 30 1949, Dr. E. J. Huenkens, 1947–1949, MHS-K.

85.
Mrs. Krishna Nehru Hutheesing to My Dear Sister Kenny, January 10 1950, India-Misc., 1943, 1949–1952, MHS-K.

86.
Between 1945 and 1950 Kenny traveled to England, Ireland, Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Italy, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Switzerland, Spain, Denmark, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Greece, Australia, and New Zealand.

87.
Kenny to Dear Sister, September 19 1949, Personal Correspondence and Related Papers, 1942–1951, MHS-K.

88.
“Sister Kenny Here, Offers Polio Aid”
New York Times
August 20 1949; Kenny “Report Of My Activities In Rome, Italy” [1950], European Trip 1950, MHS-K; Kenny “Report of My Activities” [1950].

89.
C. Rodopoulos to Madam [Kenny], July 27 1949, Home Secretary's Office, Special Batches, Kenny Clinics, 1941–1949, A/31753, QSA.

90.
Dr. Sanchis-Olmos [statement], Minnesota-Hospitals, 1944–1961, Sister Kenny Institute, Judd Papers, MHS; see also J. Sanz Ibanez, Vincente Sanchis-Olmos, and A. Azpeitia to [Hubert Humphrey], July 14 1947, European Trip, 1947, MHS-K; Kenny to Dear Mr. [Rex] Williams, July 28 1950, General Correspondence-W, MHS-K.

91.
Kenny “Report Of My Activities in England” [1950], European Trip, 1950, MHS-K; Kenny “Resume of Report Presented to Congressman Judd of Minnesota in Washington D.C. July 19 1950 for Transmission to the Honorable E. M. Hanlon, M.L.A., Premier of the State of Queensland, Australia,” Minnesota-Hospitals, 1944–1961, Sister Kenny Institute, Judd Papers, MHS.