Pox (63 page)

36
NCBOH 1899–1900
, 173. “Smallpox in
Nashville, Tenn
.—Vaccination Compulsory,”
PHR
, 15 (Feb. 16, 1900), 325. Wertenbaker, “Plan of Organization,” 1769. On Savannah, see “Kick Against Vaccination,”
AC
, Mar. 29, 1900, 3.

37
C. P. Wertenbaker, “Report on Inspection of Smallpox at
Winston, High Point, and Greensboro
, N.C.,”
PHR
, 15 (Feb. 16, 1900), 324. “Doctors Roughly Treated,”
AC
, Feb. 15, 1901, 7. W. P. McIntosh, “Smallpox in
Girard and Phoenix, Ala., and Columbus, Ga.
,”
PHR
, 16 (Jan. 11, 1901 ), 47.

38
W. C. Hobdy, “Smallpox in Georgia,”
Public Health Reports
, 16 (June 7, 1901), 1253.

39
KBOH 1898–99
, 130.
NCBOH 1899–1900
, 21. “Vaccination in Raleigh,”
CO
, Apr. 19, 1899, 8.

40
See, e.g., Michael Dougherty, “Diary of Michael Dougherty, December 1863,”
Prison Diary, of Michael Dougherty, Late Co. B., 13
^th
Pa., Cavalry: While Confined in Pemberton, Barrett's, Libby, Andersonville and Other Southern Prisons
(Bristol, PA: C. A. Dougherty, 1908), 16–17; Oliver Otis Howard to Joseph Hooker, Apr. 19, 1863, in
Chronicles from the Nineteenth Century: Family Letters of Blanche Butler and Adelbert Ames . . .
, vol. 1, comp. by Blanche Butler Ames (Clinton, MA, privately issued, 1957); Mason Whiting Tyler, “Memoir of Mason Whiting Tyler,” in
Recollections of the Civil War: With Many Original Diary Entries and Letters Written from the Seat of War
(New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1912), 47. Donald R. Hopkins,
Princes and Peasants,
273–82. Jonathan B. Tucker,
Scourge: The Once and Future Threat of Smallpox
(New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2001), 32.

41
Col. A. W. Shaffer, “Small-pox and Vaccination for Plain People. By One of Them,”
NCBOH 1897–98
, 176.

42
KBOH 1900–01
, 79.
NCBOH 1899–1900,
13, 21. “The Old, Old Enemy,”
DMN
, Mar. 9, 1900, 6.

43
C. P. Wertenbaker, “Investigation of Smallpox at Columbia and Sumter, S.C.,”
PHR,
13 (May 13, 1898), 470.
KBOH 1896–97
, 80.

44
KBOH 1902–03
, 172. “Precautions Against Smallpox,”
Columbus Daily Enquirer
(Georgia), Mar. 10, 1899. “Vaccination: Ugly Accidents Arising from the Smallpox Preventive,”
DMN
, May 14, 1899, 3.

45
Kinyoun in
NCBOH 1897–98
, 114.
NCBOH 1899–1900,
49. Smock in
KBOH 1898–99,
149. W. P. McIntosh, Surgeon, MHS, “Smallpox in Houston County, Ga.,”
PHR
, 15 (Dec. 14, 1900), 3029.
KBOH 1900–01
, 18.

46
Washington quoted in
Finding a Way Out: An Autobiography
, by Robert Russa Moton (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1921), 182.

47
C. P. Wertenbaker, “Smallpox in Georgia,”
PHR
, 14 (Nov. 3, 1899), 1891.

48
G. M. Magruder, “Passed Assistant Surgeon Magruder's Report on Smallpox at Little Rock, Ark.,”
PHR
, 13 (May 6, 1898), 437. D. S. Humphreys, “Smallpox in Greenwood, Miss.,”
PHR
, 15 (Mar. 9, 1900), 516. According to the 1900 Census, African Americans constituted one third of the population of North Carolina, and less than one quarter of the population of Tennessee. Census Bureau,
Negroes in the United States
, 109. See, e.g., “Brunswick and the Smallpox,”
AC
, Jan. 7, 1900, 4.

49
C. P. Wertenbaker, “Report on the Smallpox Situation in Danville, Va.,”
PHR
, 14 (Jul. 27, 1899), 1038.
KBOH 1898–99
, 135, 79.
KBOH 1902–03
, see photo between 36 and 37.

50
W. F. Brunner, “Report of Smallpox in Montgomery County,”
PHR
, 14 (Jul. 21, 1899), 1124.

51
C. P. Wertenbaker to Dr. H. L. Sutherland, Chief Health Officer, Bolivar Co., Mississippi, July 30, 1910, CPWL, vol. 5.

52
S. B. Jones, “Fifty Years of Negro Public Health,”
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
, 49 (Sept., 1913): 138–46. See Edward H. Beardsley,
A History of Neglect: Health Care for Blacks and Mill Workers in the Twentieth-Century South
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1987), esp. 11–36; W. Michael Byrd and Linda A. Clayton,
An American Health Dilemma: Volume 1,
idem,
An American Health Dilemma: Volume 2: Race, Medicine, and Health Care in the United States 1900–2000
(New York: Routledge, 2000), esp. 80; James H. Jones,
Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment
, expanded ed. (New York: Free Press, 1993), esp. 16–21; Todd L. Savitt, “Black Health on the Plantation: Masters, Slaves, and Physicians,” in
Sickness and Health in America: Readings in the History of Medicine and Public Health
, ed. Judith Walzer Leavitt and Ronald L. Numbers (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1997), 351–68; Steven M. Stowe,
Doctoring the South: Southern Physicians and Everyday Medicine in the Mid-Nineteenth Century
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004); Werner Troesken,
Water, Race, and Disease
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004).

53
W. E. B. Du Bois,
The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study
(1899; reprint ed., New York: Schocken Books, 1967), 147–63, esp. 163. U.S. Census Bureau,
A Discussion of the Vital Statistics of the Twelfth Census
, by John Shaw Billings (Washington, 1904), 10–11. Byrd and Clayton,
American Health Dilemma
, Vol. 2, esp. 80.

54
Du Bois,
Philadelphia Negro
, 162. See Beardsley,
History of Neglect
, 11–36; Byrd and Clayton,
American Health Dilemma
, Vol. 1, 355.

55
Jones, “Fifty Years of Negro Public Health,” 142. Beardsley,
History of Neglect
, 35. See Todd L. Savitt,
Race and Medicine in Nineteenth- and Early-Twentieth-Century America
(Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2007).

56
NCBOH 1897–98
, 79, 88.
KBOH 1898–99
, 79, 139. J. C. Ballard, “Smallpox in Concordia Parish, Louisiana,”
PHR
, 14 (Nov. 3, 1899), 1893.

57
“Why Smallpox Is Not Checked,”
AC
, Aug. 9, 1897, 2. C. P. Wertenbaker, “Report on the Investigation of Smallpox in North Carolina and Georgia,”
PHR
, 15 (Feb. 2, 1900), 216. C. P. Wertenbaker, “Review of Operations in Advisory Capacity in Suppressing Smallpox in Georgia,”
PHR
, 14 (Nov. 3, 1899), 1844.

59
Ibid., 139, 140
.
See Steven Hahn,
A Nation Under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration
(Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2003), 412–64.

60
“General Vaccination Ordered,”
WP
, Dec. 20, 1900, 1.

61
KBOH 1898–99,
96
.

62
Ibid., 81, 80, 98, 145.
NCBOH 1897–98
, 35.

63
“Itching Skin Diseases,”
WM
, advertisement, Jan. 26, 1898, 2. John D. Long, “Report on the Inspection of a Gang of Workmen En Route from Clarksburg, W. Va., through Washington to the South,”
PHR
, 61 (Jan. 4, 1901), 1–2. See Wertenbaker, “Investigation of Smallpox at Columbia and Sumter,” 468–70.

64
NCBOH 1899–1900
, 172.

65
KBOH 1898–99,
29
. KBOH 1896–97,
72
.

66
C. P. Wertenbaker, “Investigation of Smallpox at Charlotte,” 140–41. Wertenbaker, “Smallpox Situation in Danville, Va.,” 1038. On rumor, see Hahn,
Nation Under Our Feet
.

67
W. G. Dailey to State Board of Health, Aug. 11, 1898,
KBOH 1898–99
, 63–64. B. W. Smock in ibid., 104.
KBOH 1900–01
, 107.
NCBOH 1899–1900
, 158.

68
USSGPHMHS 1898
, 598–99. See, e.g., “Bullitt County,” in
KBOH 1898–99
, 64–65.

69
Wertenbaker, “Review of Operations . . . Georgia,” 1884.

70
Shirley Everton Johnson, “Conquering a Small-Pox Epidemic in Kentucky,” in
KBOH 1898–99,
107–14, esp. 108.

71
Wertenbaker, “Review of Operations . . . Georgia,” 1884.

72
Wertenbaker, “Report on Inspection of Smallpox at Winston, High Point, and Greensboro,” 324.

73
Wertenbaker, “Plan of Organization,” 1779.

74
See, for example, Wertenbaker, “Report on Inspection of Smallpox at Winston, High Point, and Greensboro,” 323–24; Wertenbaker, “Smallpox Situation in Danville, Va.,” 1038. Wertenbaker may have picked up this technique from North Carolina health officials, who in the fall of 1898 had staged a sort of whistle-stop campaign around the state to “preach the propaganda of vaccination.”
NCBOH 1899–1900
, 13–16.

75
Wertenbaker, “Investigation of Smallpox at Charlotte,” 140–41; Wertenbaker, “Investigation of Smallpox at Columbia and Sumter,” 468–70; Wertenbaker, “Measures to Prevent the Spread of Smallpox in Georgia,”
PHR
, 14 (Mar. 3, 1899), 273–78. See “Vaccination: Ugly Accidents,”
DMN
, May 14, 1899, 3. See also W. C. Hobdy, “Report on Smallpox in Wilson, N.C.,”
PHR
, 17 (Jan. 24, 1902), 164–65.

76
NCBOH 1897–98
, 35.

77
Ibid., 39, 37, 113.

78
NCBOH 1899–1900
, 156.
NCBOH 1897–98,
91
.

79
Wertenbaker, “Plan of Organization,” 1779.

80
M. J. Rosenau, “Report on the examination of dried lymph and glycerinized vaccine lymph,” Apr. 2, 1900, CPWL, vol. 1.

81
Wertenbaker, “Smallpox Outbreak in Bristol,” 1891. Henry F. Long, “Smallpox in Iredell County,” in
NCBOH 1897–98,
210.

82
Wertenbaker, “Plan of Organization,” 1766, 1770, 1780.

83
Ibid., 1779.

84
C. P. Wertenbaker to Walter Wyman, Feb. 11, 1900, CPWL, vol. 6.

85
C. P. Wertenbaker,
Colored Antituberculosis League: Proposed Plan of Organization
(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1909). “Death, Here, of Noted Surgeon.” “Oral History Interview with Alicia Wertenbaker Flynn,” July 14, 1976, Library of the University of Virginia, Special Collections.

86
On the history of this beautiful cemetery, see David Mauer, “Set in Stone: The Serenity of U.Va.'s Cemetery Belies a Colorful Past,”
University of Virginia Magazine
, Spring 2008, 40–44.

1
Margherita Arlina Hamm,
Manila and the Philippines
(London: F. Tennyson Neely, 1898), 89–95.
The Official Records of the Oregon Volunteers in the Spanish American War and Philippine Insurrection
, comp. by Brigadier General C. U. Gantenbein, 2d ed. (Salem, OR: W. H. Leeds 1906), 449–52.

2
J. N. Taylor, “On Pacific Swells,”
BG
, Oct. 18, 1899, 7. Taylor, “Ready to Sail,”
BG
, Sept. 21, 1899, 7; “Like Two Worlds,” ibid., Oct. 22, 1899, 9; “Voyage of 26th,” ibid., Nov. 29, 1899, 7. See also “Small-pox Among Troops,” ibid., Sept. 21, 1899, 7; “John N. Taylor, Long Globe Employee, Dead,” ibid., Sept. 9, 1918, 3.

3
J. N. Taylor, “Cleaning Cities,”
BG
, Mar. 16, 1900, 3. Jose P. Bantug,
A Short History of Medicine in the Philippines During the Spanish Regime, 1565–1898
(Manila: Colegio Medico Farmaceutico De Filipinas, 1953), 103.

4
Taylor, “Cleaning Cities.”

5
Ibid.

6
Ibid.

7
Vincent J. Cirillo,
Bullets and Bacilli: The Spanish-American War and Military Medicine
(New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2004), esp. 1.

8
Pirogoff quoted in Victor Robinson,
Victory over Pain: A History of Anesthesia
(New York: Henry Schuman, 1946), 167. See Ken De Bevoise,
Agents of Apocalypse: Epidemic Disease in the Colonial Philippines
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995), esp. ix; M. R. Smallman-Raynor and A. D. Cliff,
War Epidemics: An Historical Geography of Infectious Diseases in Military Conflict and Civil Strife, 1850–2000
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).

9
Rudyard Kipling, “The White Man's Burden,”
McClure's Magazine
, February 1899, 290–91. Arthur J. Stringer, “Kipling: His Interpretation of the Female Character,”
NYT
, Dec. 10, 1898, BR 835. Roosevelt quoted in Patrick Brantlinger, “Kipling's ‘The White Man's Burden' and Its Afterlives,”
English Literature in Translation, 1880–1920
, 50 (2007), 172.

10
Kipling, “White Man's Burden.” There is a large literature on colonial health in India. See especially David Arnold,
Colonizing the Body: State Medicine and Epidemic Disease in Nineteenth-Century India
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), esp. 116–58; Arnold, “Smallpox and Colonial Medicine in Nineteenth-Century India,” in
Imperial Medicine and Indigenous Societies
, ed. David Arnold (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1988), 45–65; Sanjoy Bhattacharya, Mark Harrison, and Michael Warboys,
Fractured States: Smallpox, Public Health, and Vaccination Policy in British India, 1800–1947
(New Delhi: Orient Longman, 2005).