Prisoner of the Vatican (57 page)

10. MAEI, CP, vol. 65, if. 43r–46r, Reverseaux à M. St. Hilaire, 17 octobre 1881.

11. These deliberations are discussed in Ciampani 2000, pp. 212–16.

12. MAEI, CP, vol. 65, ff. 211r–214r, Audience du roi, à M. le Président du Conseil, 27 novembre 1881.

13. MAEI, CP, vol. 65, ff. 322r–322v, Reverseaux à M. Gambetta, Ministère des Affaires Etrangères (telegram), 26 décembre 1881; ff. 323r–327r, Reverseaux à M. Gambetta, Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, 26 décembre 1881; ff. 328r–329r, Tamburini à M. de Reverseaux, Livourne, 22 décembre 1881.

14. DDI, series 2, vol. 14, n. 348, L'Incaricato d'affari a Berlino, Tugini, al Minstro degli Esteri, Mancini, 3 dicembre 1881. Diplomatic relations between Germany and the Vatican would, in fact, be reestablished in April 1882 (Aubert 1972, p. 37).

15. MAES, CP, vol. 1071, ff. 340r–345v, Desprez à M. Gambetta, Discours du Pape aux Cardinaux, ca. 26 décembre 1881.

16. Matteo Liberatore, "La condizione del pontefice in forza dell'occupazione di Roma,"
Civiltà Cattolica
1882,1, pp. 257–68.

15. Preparing for Exile

1. Ciampani 2000, pp. 298–300; Ticchi 2001, pp. 367–72.

2. Not long after the secretary of state assured the other cardinals of Franz Josef's renewed invitation for the pope to take up residence on Austrian soil, the Austrian foreign minister, Kalnóky, pleaded with the Italian ambassador to Austria, Di Robilant, for Italy to do everything possible to keep the pope from wanting to go. In his report to the Italian foreign minister, Di Robilant recounted that, out of the blue, the Austrian had raised his concerns about the danger that the Holy Father might soon decide to leave Rome. Trying to calm his fears, Di Robilant told him that there was little prospect of such a move, reminding him of words attributed to Pius IX: "You don't change an old horse's stable." He added that even if the pope wanted to go, "it could hardly be clearer that no State seeks the honor of hosting the Holy Father ... beginning with Austria!" Kalnóky, the Italian ambassador reported, agreed, "but nonetheless wanted once again to say that despite everything, the possibility in question could not be excluded and that the Italian Government ought not to lose sight of this." Di Robilant, on reflection, agreed: "There is no doubt," he wrote to the Italian minister for foreign affairs, "that the Holy Father's departure from Rome would produce a shock in the Catholic world that at the very least would create considerable embarrassment for the Italian Government, a result that might turn out to be decisive in the Pontiff's decision" (DDI, series 2, vol. 17–18, n. 159, L'ambiasciatore a Vienna, Di Robilant, al Ministro degli Esteri, Mancini, 8 aprile 1884).

3. They were, in order, Monaco La Valletta, Simeoni, Ludovico Jacobini, Nina, Parocchi, and Laurenzi.

4. AAEESS, SE, pos. 1060, fasc. 341, ff. ir–13r, Motu proprio del'S. P. Leone XIII, del 25 agosto 1884. The individual letters to the cardinals are to be found in the following pages, "Persone presso cui sono custodite le disposizioni pontificie riguardo al futuro Conclave ed al caso di impedita comunicazione dei fedeli col Capo della Chiesa," ff. 38r–54r. The instructions on the protection and care of the Vatican palaces, "Leo XIII Al Marchese
Urbano Sacchetti
Foriere maggiore dei sacri Palazzi Apostolici," are found at ff. 67r–73r.

5. AAEESS, SE, pos. 1070, fasc. 343, ff. 6r–10v, Relazione sull'attuale condizione a cui sono ridotti la Santa Sede e il Sommo Pontefice in Roma.

6. AAEESS, SE, pos. 1070, fasc. 343, ff. 13r–34v, Osservazioni in proposito fatte da un Cardinale.

7. AAEESS, SE, pos. 1070, fasc. 344, ff. 37r–86v, per incarico della Commissione, Parere del Rev. P. Graniello sull'allontanamento del Papa da Roma in caso di guerra, 1887.

8. The Graniello report was discussed at a series of meetings: AAEESS, SE, pos. 1070, fasc. 344, ff. 9r–12r Seduta del 14 febbraio 1887; ff. 12r–22r, 18 febbraio 1887; ff. 22r–26r, Seduta del 23 febbraio 1887; ff. 27r–29v, Seduta del 26 febbraio 1887; ff. 30v–33r, Seduta del 12 marzo 1887; ff. 35r–36r, Seduta del 12 marzo 1887.

16. Hopes Dashed

1. Trincia 2001, p. 48.

2. Procacci 1929, pp. 8–9. Trincia 2001, pp. 51, 47.

3. Jemolo 1965, pp. 72–74; Fonzi 1990, p. 285; Procacci 1929, p. 31.

4. Fonzi 1990, pp. 171–72. Back in 1882, Depretis, the prime minister, had secretly floated the idea of offering the pope a strip of land that ran from the Vatican all the way to the sea; there the Holy See would enjoy a certain degree of immunity while the territory would technically remain under Italian sovereignty. But, with the Vatican's anger over Pius IX's chaotic funeral procession still fresh, discussions got nowhere (Marongiu Bonaiuti 1971, p. 81).

5. Manfroni 1920, p. 156.

6. Procacci 1929, pp. 59–60.

7. Procacci 1929, pp. 46–47.

8. "Un dubbio ragionevole,"
L'Osservatore Romano,
19 maggio 1887, p. 1.

9. Procacci 1929, pp. 64–66. The text of the allocution is found in
L'Osservatore Romano,
26 maggio 1887, p. 1. The reaction is found in "L'Allocuzione pontificia,"
L'Osservatore Romano,
28 maggio 1887, p. 1, with further commentary about the need for the return of temporal power, and Rome, to the pope three days later (31 May 1887, p. 1).

10. Procacci 1929, pp. 72–77.

11. Procacci 1929, pp. 85–86.

12. Duggan 2000, pp. 584–85.

13. 
L'Osservatore Romano,
5 giugno 1887, p. 1.

14. Procacci 1929, pp. 88–92. Yet it is worth noting that, in his memoirs, Manfroni (1920, vol. 2, p. 157) insists that he had heard from a reliable Vatican informant—who had himself seen the draft—that the pope had read Tosti's work before publication and had approved of it.

15. Procacci 1929, pp. 67–68.

16. Trincia 2001, p. 84.

17. Trincia 2001, pp. 50, 86.

18. Trincia 2001, pp. 79–80.

19. Procacci 1929, p. 43; Candeloro 1953, p. 209.

20. An authorized (hagiographic) biography of Rampolla was written by Monsignor G. Pietro Sinopoli di Giunta (1923). On Rampolla, see also Aubert 1990a, pp. 91–92.

21. In April 1887, he confided in the Prussian ambassador to the Holy See, "I would never accept a politically dominating secretary of state, as Consalvi was for Pius VII or as Cardinal Antonelli was for Pius IX. I myself am my own Prime Minister and I seek a secretary of state who attends to routine business, the formalities, and daily matters" (Trincia 2001, p. 25).

22. Trincia 2001, p. 90.

23. Trincia 2001, p. 35.

24. Valenti 1977, p. 38.

25. Duggan 2000, pp. 586–87; Jemolo 1965, pp. 76—77; Adorni 1999.

26. Mola has written a biography of Lemmi and a history of the Freemasons in Italy (1985, 2001). On the Freemasons and Lemmi in this period, see also Lyttleton 1983.

27. Grande Oriente della Massoneria in Italia e nelle colonie italiane, circolare n. 30, 20 gennaio 1882, found in AAEESS, SE, pos. 389, fasc. 132, ff. 33v–34r.

28. Mola 1985, pp. 205–6, Lemmi a Crispi, 6 novembre 1887.

29. De Rosa 1970, p. 140; Procacci 1929, pp. 118–23; Fonzi 1962, p. 190. So worried were the French that Leo XIII might be negotiating secretly with the Italians that months later, in mid-August, long after the Vatican had publicly abandoned the reconciliation efforts, the French foreign minister continued to press the papal nuncio in Paris for assurances that the matter was dead. Rampolla, informed of the French worry, told the nuncio: "Nothing has happened in the Holy See's policies that could justify the fears being expressed with such insistence" (Rampolla's letter of 22 agosto 1887 is reproduced in Mori 1974, p. 37).

30. Cornély 1888, pp. 27–29.

31. 
L'Osservatore Romano
(27 luglio 1887, p. 1) was explicit about the intended audience: "The Pope's letter ... is not only directed to Cardinal Rampolla, the primary person responsible for executing the pontifical plans, it is directed to all honest Italians." See also the comments of Jemolo 1965, p. 78.

32. "Lettera di S. S. Papa Leone XIII al Cardinale Mariano Rampolla suo segretario di stato,"
L'Osservatore Romano,
26 luglio 1887, pp. 1–2.

33. AAEESS, SE, pos. 1075, fasc. 346, ff. 6r–7v, Card. Mariano Rampolla al nunzio apostolico di Vienna, 17 luglio 1887. At the same time Rampolla sent a long letter to all the nuncios with a similar message: ignore any newspaper reports to the contrary; the pope must regain temporal power. The full text is reproduced in Sinopoli di Giunta 1923, pp. 181–86. Tosti himself was finally forced to write a full apology for his booklet, which was published in
L'Osservatore Romano
on July 28 (p. 3). The Vatican paper charged that publication of the work had hurt the pope deeply.

17. The Bishops' Lament

1. AAEESS, SE, pos. 1075, fasc. 346, ff. 18r–38v, Relazione di Mons. Della Chiesa sulla missione compiuta.

2. Santangelo 1976, p. 207; Moscati 1964, pp. no, 145–46.

3. The description of Crispi is by the French journalist Jacques Saint-Cère, quoted in Duggan 2000, p. 567.

4. Duggan 2002, p. 476.

5. AAEESS, SE, pos. 1075, fasc. 346, ff. 40r–40v, Rampolla all'Arcivescovo di Palermo, 9 agosto 1887; ff. 42r–43r, Arcivescovo di Palermo a Rampolla, 21 agosto 1887.

6. AAEESS, SE, pos. 1075, fasc. 347, ff. 6r–8r, Istruzioni ai Vescovi d'Italia, n.d.

7. This is a paraphrase of the conversation described by the papal envoy.

8. The report of the papal envoy's visits is found in AAEESS, SE, pos. 1075, fasc. 347, ff. 10r–51v. These last quotations are paraphrases, drawn from this report.

18. Fears of a European War

1. AAEESS, SE, pos. 1075, fasc. 346, ff. 60r–61r, Rampolla al Nunzio Apostolico, Vienna, 15 settembre 1887.

2. Trincia 2001, p. 90.

3. AAEESS, SE, pos. 1075, fasc. 346, ff. 92r–93r, Rampolla al Nunzio Apostolico, Parigi, 7 ottobre 1887.

4. AAEESS, SE, pos. 1075, fasc. 346, ff. 94r–95v, Nunzio Apostolico, Parigi, a Rampolla, 10 ottobre 1887.

5. AAEESS, SE, pos. 1075, fasc. 346, ff. 98r–101v, Nunzio Apostolico, Parigi, a Rampolla, 19 ottobre 1887.

6. AAEESS, SE, pos. 1075, fasc. 347, ff. 63r–65v, Paris, 18 octobre 1887.

7. AAEESS, SE, pos. 1075, fasc. 347, ff. 57r–59r, Rampolla a Galimberti, 1 novembre 1887.

8. AAEESS, SE, pos. 1075, fasc. 347, ff. 60r–61v, Galimberti a Rampolla, n.d. (early November 1887).

9. Procacci 1929, pp. 40–42.

10. DDI, series 2, vol. 21, n. 231, L'incaricato d'Affari a Vienna, Avarna, al Presidente del Consiglio e Ministro degli Esteri ad Interim, Crispi, 16 ottobre 1887; n. 336, Il Presidente del Consiglio e Ministro degli Esteri ad Interim, Crispi, all'ambasciatore a Vienna, Nigra, 23 novembre 1887.

11. AAEESS, SE, pos. 1075, fasc. 347, ff.
701–71
r, Galimberti a Rampolla, 17 febbraio, 1888. Three months earlier, in his direct report to the pope, Galimberti had notified him that the leaders of both Germany and Austria believed that war was imminent and would begin no later than the spring of 1888 (Galimberti a Leone XIII, 18 novembre 1887, document 9 in Trincia 2001, p. 156).
Later the same month, a major Austrian newspaper published an article claiming that the recent secret treaty between Austria and Italy included a clause ensuring that "the question of [the pope's] temporal dominion had been buried." Leo asked his secretary of state to demand clarification. Kalnóky, in Vienna, denied the report, blaming it on French intrigue. (AAEESS, SE, pos. 1091, fasc. 358, ff. 10r–13v, Galimberti a Rampolla, 27 febbraio 1888; ff. 18r–2or, Lettre confidentielle, Comunicata al Segretario di Stato dal Conte Paar Ambasciatore Austro-Ungarico per incarico del Cte. Kalnoky, 1 mars 1888.)

12. Crispolti and Aureli 1912, pp. 419–25, Rampolla to Galimberti, 14 marzo 1888. In January 1888, the German government had signed a supplementary military defense pact with the Italians aimed specifically against France, which was further angering both the French and the Vatican at the time (Giordano 1994, p. 84). The renewal of the Triple Alliance had been signed in February of the previous year (for text, see Anchieri 1959).

13. AAEESS, SE, pos. 1083, fasc. 355, ff. 48P–55V, Galimberti a Rampolla, Berlino, 26 marzo 1888.

14. Trincia 2001, p. 122. On Bismarck's belief that war was likely, see Pflanze 1990b, pp. 309–12.

15. AAEESS, SE, pos. 1091, fasc. 358, ff. 26r–28v, Rampolla a Galimberti, 19 giugno 1888.

16. AAEESS, SE, pos. 1091, fasc. 358, ff.31r–34r, Galimberti a Rampolla, 10 luglio 1888.

17. AAEESS, SE, pos. 1091, fasc. 358, ff. 37r–40r, Galimberti a Rampolla, 21 luglio 1888.

18. AAEESS, SE, pos. 1083, fasc. 355, ff. 98r–101r, Roteili a Rampolla, 12 luglio 1888. The French government's response should also be seen in light of the Boulanger crisis then in course, with many predicting that civil war could break out at any time between the monarchist and clerical forces supporting General Boulanger arrayed against the republican government and its supporters (Langer 1956, pp. 461–63).

19. 
Civiltà Cattolica,
1888, IV, pp. 226–27, Cronaca contemporanea.

20. DDI, series 2, vol. 22, n. 153, Il Presidente del Consiglio e Ministro degli Esteri ad Interim, Crispí, all'Ambasciatore a Vienna, Nigra, 15 luglio 1888; n. 154, Il Presidente del Consiglio e Ministro degli Esteri ad Interim, Crispi, all'Ambasciatore a Berlino, De Launay, 15 luglio 1888.

21. "L'arrivo in Roma e ricevimento al Quirinale di Guglielmo II,"
Unità Cattolica,
13 ottobre 1888, pp. 957–59;
Civiltà Cattolica
1888, IV, pp. 367–68, Cronaca contemporanea.

22. Soderini 1933, p. 399; Crispolti and Aureli 1912, pp. 265–71;
Civiltà Cattolica
1888 IV, pp. 488–89, Cronaca contemporanea.

23. "I brindisi di Re Umberto e di Guglielmo II,"
L'Unità Cattolica,
14 ottobre 1888, p. 963.

24. Quoted in Trincia 2001, pp. 128–29,