Quirkology (37 page)
Authors: Richard Wiseman
7
J. Trinkaus, “Wearing Baseball-Type Caps: An Informal Look,”
Psychological Reports
74, no. 2 (1994): 585-586.
J. Trinkaus, “Wearing Baseball-Type Caps: An Informal Look,”
Psychological Reports
74, no. 2 (1994): 585-586.
8
R. B. Cialdini and D. A. Schroeder, “Increasing Compliance by Legitimizing Paltry Contributions: When Even a Penny Helps,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
34 (1976): 599-604.
R. B. Cialdini and D. A. Schroeder, “Increasing Compliance by Legitimizing Paltry Contributions: When Even a Penny Helps,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
34 (1976): 599-604.
9
R. A. Craddick, “Size of Santa Claus Drawings as a Function of Time Before and After Christmas,”
Journal of Psychological Studies
12 (1961): 121-125.
R. A. Craddick, “Size of Santa Claus Drawings as a Function of Time Before and After Christmas,”
Journal of Psychological Studies
12 (1961): 121-125.
CHAPTER 1
1
G. Dean, A. Mather, and I. W. Kelly, “Astrology,” in
The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal,
ed. G. Stein, 47-99 (Amherst, MA: Prometheus Books, 1996).
G. Dean, A. Mather, and I. W. Kelly, “Astrology,” in
The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal,
ed. G. Stein, 47-99 (Amherst, MA: Prometheus Books, 1996).
2
D. T. Regan,
For the Record: From Wall Street to Washington
(New York: Harcourt Brace, 1988); J. Quigley,
What Does Joan Say? My Seven Years as White House Astrologer to Nancy and Ronald Reagan
(New York: Carol Publishing Group, 1990).
D. T. Regan,
For the Record: From Wall Street to Washington
(New York: Harcourt Brace, 1988); J. Quigley,
What Does Joan Say? My Seven Years as White House Astrologer to Nancy and Ronald Reagan
(New York: Carol Publishing Group, 1990).
3
J. Chapman, “How a Girl of Four Trounced a Top Investor and a Stargazer at Playing the Stock Market,”
Daily Mail
(London), March 21, 2001, 2-3.
J. Chapman, “How a Girl of Four Trounced a Top Investor and a Stargazer at Playing the Stock Market,”
Daily Mail
(London), March 21, 2001, 2-3.
4
M. Nichols, “An Investor, an Astrologer, and a Girl, 4, Played the Market. Guess Who Won?”
Scotsman
(Edinburgh), March 24, 2001, 5.
M. Nichols, “An Investor, an Astrologer, and a Girl, 4, Played the Market. Guess Who Won?”
Scotsman
(Edinburgh), March 24, 2001, 5.
5
T. Teeman, “Girl Shows Money Game Is Child’s Play,”
Times
(London), March 24, 2001.
T. Teeman, “Girl Shows Money Game Is Child’s Play,”
Times
(London), March 24, 2001.
6
G. Rollings, “Mcnuggets of Wisdom from the Shares Ace Aged Four,”
Sun
(London), March 24, 2001, 50.
G. Rollings, “Mcnuggets of Wisdom from the Shares Ace Aged Four,”
Sun
(London), March 24, 2001, 50.
7
Ibid.
Ibid.
8
T. Utton, “Girl of Five Beats the Stock Market Experts (Again),”
Daily Mail
(London), March 14, 2002, 43.
T. Utton, “Girl of Five Beats the Stock Market Experts (Again),”
Daily Mail
(London), March 14, 2002, 43.
9
J. Mayo, O. White, and H. J. Eysenck, “An Empirical Study of the Relation Between Astrological Factors and Personality,”
Journal of Social Psychology
105 (1978): 229-236.
J. Mayo, O. White, and H. J. Eysenck, “An Empirical Study of the Relation Between Astrological Factors and Personality,”
Journal of Social Psychology
105 (1978): 229-236.
10
Editorial, “British Scientist Proves Basic Astrology Theory,”
Phenomena
(April 1, 1977): 1.
Editorial, “British Scientist Proves Basic Astrology Theory,”
Phenomena
(April 1, 1977): 1.
11
H. J. Eysenck and D.K.B. Nias,
Astrology: Science or Superstition?
(London: Pelican, 1988).
H. J. Eysenck and D.K.B. Nias,
Astrology: Science or Superstition?
(London: Pelican, 1988).
12
H. B. Gibson,
Hans Eysenck: The Man and His Work
(London: Peter Owen, 1981), 210.
H. B. Gibson,
Hans Eysenck: The Man and His Work
(London: Peter Owen, 1981), 210.
13
G. Jahoda, “A Note on Ashanti Names and Their Relationship to Personality,”
British Journal of Psychology
45 (1954): 192-195.
G. Jahoda, “A Note on Ashanti Names and Their Relationship to Personality,”
British Journal of Psychology
45 (1954): 192-195.
14
M. Gauquelin,
Dreams and Illusions of Astrology
(London: Glover & Blair, 1979).
M. Gauquelin,
Dreams and Illusions of Astrology
(London: Glover & Blair, 1979).
15
G. Dean and I. W. Kelly, “Is Astrology Relevant to Consciousness and Psi?”
Journal of Consciousness Studies
10, nos. 6-7 (2003): 175-198.
G. Dean and I. W. Kelly, “Is Astrology Relevant to Consciousness and Psi?”
Journal of Consciousness Studies
10, nos. 6-7 (2003): 175-198.
16
For an overview of this work, see Dean, Mather, and Kelly, “Astrology,” 47-99.
For an overview of this work, see Dean, Mather, and Kelly, “Astrology,” 47-99.
17
V. Muhrer, “Astrology on Death Row!”
Indian Skeptic
11 (1989): 13-19.
V. Muhrer, “Astrology on Death Row!”
Indian Skeptic
11 (1989): 13-19.
18
B. R. Forer, “The Fallacy of Personal Validation: A Classroom Demonstration of Gullibility,”
Journal of Abnormal Psychology
44 (1949): 118-121.
B. R. Forer, “The Fallacy of Personal Validation: A Classroom Demonstration of Gullibility,”
Journal of Abnormal Psychology
44 (1949): 118-121.
19
P. E. Meehl, “Wanted—A Good Cookbook,”
American Psychologist
11 (1956): 263-272.
P. E. Meehl, “Wanted—A Good Cookbook,”
American Psychologist
11 (1956): 263-272.
20
D. H. Dickson and I. W. Kelly, “The ‘Barnum Effect’ in Personality Assessment: A Review of the Literature,”
Psychological Reports
57 (1985): 367-382.
D. H. Dickson and I. W. Kelly, “The ‘Barnum Effect’ in Personality Assessment: A Review of the Literature,”
Psychological Reports
57 (1985): 367-382.
21
Gauquelin,
Dreams and Illusions of Astrology.
Gauquelin,
Dreams and Illusions of Astrology.
22
S. J. Blackmore, “Probability Misjudgment and Belief in the Paranormal: A Newspaper Survey,”
British Journal of Psychology
88 (1997): 683-689.
S. J. Blackmore, “Probability Misjudgment and Belief in the Paranormal: A Newspaper Survey,”
British Journal of Psychology
88 (1997): 683-689.
23
M. Hamilton, “Who Believes in Astrology? Effects of Favorable-ness of Astrology Derived Personality Descriptions on Acceptance of Astrology,”
Personality and Individual Differences
31 (2001): 895-902.
M. Hamilton, “Who Believes in Astrology? Effects of Favorable-ness of Astrology Derived Personality Descriptions on Acceptance of Astrology,”
Personality and Individual Differences
31 (2001): 895-902.
24
M. Siffre,
Beyond Time
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964).
M. Siffre,
Beyond Time
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964).
25
S. S. Campbell and P. J. Murphy, “Extraocular Circadian Photo-transduction in Humans,”
Science
(1998): 279, 396. This finding has been challenged in the following paper: K. P. Wright and C. A. Czeisler, “Absence of Circadian Phase Resetting in Response to Bright Light Behind the Knees,”
Science
(2002): 297, 571.
S. S. Campbell and P. J. Murphy, “Extraocular Circadian Photo-transduction in Humans,”
Science
(1998): 279, 396. This finding has been challenged in the following paper: K. P. Wright and C. A. Czeisler, “Absence of Circadian Phase Resetting in Response to Bright Light Behind the Knees,”
Science
(2002): 297, 571.
26
A. Dudink, “Birth Date and Sporting Success,”
Nature
(1994): 368, 592.
A. Dudink, “Birth Date and Sporting Success,”
Nature
(1994): 368, 592.
27
R. H. Barnsley, A. H. Thompson, and P. E. Barnsley, “Hockey Success and Birthdate: The Relative Age Effect,”
Canadian Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation Journal
51 (1985): 23-28; S. Edwards, letter to the editor,
Nature
370 (1994): 186; J. Musch and R. Hay, “The Relative Age Effect in Soccer: Cross-Cultural Evidence for a Systematic Discrimination Against Children Born Late in the Competition Year,”
Sociology of Sport Journal
16 (1999): 54-64; A. H. Thompson, R. H. Barnsley, and G. Stebelsky, “Born to Play Ball: The Relative Age Effect and Major League Baseball,”
Sociology of Sport Journal
8 (1991): 146-151.
R. H. Barnsley, A. H. Thompson, and P. E. Barnsley, “Hockey Success and Birthdate: The Relative Age Effect,”
Canadian Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation Journal
51 (1985): 23-28; S. Edwards, letter to the editor,
Nature
370 (1994): 186; J. Musch and R. Hay, “The Relative Age Effect in Soccer: Cross-Cultural Evidence for a Systematic Discrimination Against Children Born Late in the Competition Year,”
Sociology of Sport Journal
16 (1999): 54-64; A. H. Thompson, R. H. Barnsley, and G. Stebelsky, “Born to Play Ball: The Relative Age Effect and Major League Baseball,”
Sociology of Sport Journal
8 (1991): 146-151.
28
This work is summarized in R. Wiseman,
The Luck Factor
(London: Random House, 2004).
This work is summarized in R. Wiseman,
The Luck Factor
(London: Random House, 2004).
29
J. Chotai and R. Wiseman, “Born Lucky? The Relationship Between Feeling Lucky and Month of Birth,”
Personality and Individual Differences
39 (2005): 1451-1460.
J. Chotai and R. Wiseman, “Born Lucky? The Relationship Between Feeling Lucky and Month of Birth,”
Personality and Individual Differences
39 (2005): 1451-1460.
30
J. Chotai et al., “Season of Birth Variations in the Temperament and Character Inventory of Personality in a General Population,”
Neuropsychobiology
44 (2001): 19-26.
J. Chotai et al., “Season of Birth Variations in the Temperament and Character Inventory of Personality in a General Population,”
Neuropsychobiology
44 (2001): 19-26.
31
S. Dickert-Conlin and A. Chandra, “Taxes and the Timing of Births,”
Journal of Political Economy
107, no. 1 (1999): 161-177.
S. Dickert-Conlin and A. Chandra, “Taxes and the Timing of Births,”
Journal of Political Economy
107, no. 1 (1999): 161-177.
32
A. A. Harrison, N. J. Struthers, and M. Moore, “On the Conjunction of National Holidays and Reported Birthdates: One More Path to Reflected Glory?”
Social Psychology Quarterly
51, no. 4 (1988): 365-370.
A. A. Harrison, N. J. Struthers, and M. Moore, “On the Conjunction of National Holidays and Reported Birthdates: One More Path to Reflected Glory?”
Social Psychology Quarterly
51, no. 4 (1988): 365-370.
33
Eysenck and Nias,
Astrology.
Eysenck and Nias,
Astrology.
34
For a readable introduction to this controversy, see G. Dean, “Is the Mars Effect a Social Effect? A Re-analysis of the Gauquelin Data Suggests That Hitherto Baffling Planetary Effects May Be Simple Social Effects in Disguise,”
Skeptical Inquirer
26, no. 3 (2002): 33-38; S. Ertel, “The Mars Effect Cannot Be Pinned on Cheating Parents—Follow-Up,”
Skeptical Inquirer
27, no. 1 (2003): 57-58; G. Dean, “Response to Ertel,”
Skeptical Inquirer
27, no. 1 (2003): 59-60, 65.
For a readable introduction to this controversy, see G. Dean, “Is the Mars Effect a Social Effect? A Re-analysis of the Gauquelin Data Suggests That Hitherto Baffling Planetary Effects May Be Simple Social Effects in Disguise,”
Skeptical Inquirer
26, no. 3 (2002): 33-38; S. Ertel, “The Mars Effect Cannot Be Pinned on Cheating Parents—Follow-Up,”
Skeptical Inquirer
27, no. 1 (2003): 57-58; G. Dean, “Response to Ertel,”
Skeptical Inquirer
27, no. 1 (2003): 59-60, 65.
35
D. P. Phillips and D. G. Smith, “Postponement of Death Until Symbolically Meaningful Occasions,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
263 (1990): 1947-1951.
D. P. Phillips and D. G. Smith, “Postponement of Death Until Symbolically Meaningful Occasions,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
263 (1990): 1947-1951.
36
D. P. Phillips, C. A. Van Voorhees, and T. E. Ruth, “The Birthday: Lifeline or Deadline?”
Psychosomatic Medicine
54 (1992): 532-542.
D. P. Phillips, C. A. Van Voorhees, and T. E. Ruth, “The Birthday: Lifeline or Deadline?”
Psychosomatic Medicine
54 (1992): 532-542.
37
For a review of this data and debate, see J. A. Skala and K. E. Freedland, “Death Takes a Raincheck,”
Psychosomatic Medicine
66 (2004): 382-386.
For a review of this data and debate, see J. A. Skala and K. E. Freedland, “Death Takes a Raincheck,”
Psychosomatic Medicine
66 (2004): 382-386.
38
S. A. Everson et al., “Hopelessness and Risk of Mortality and Incidence of Myocardial Infarction and Cancer,”
Psychosomatic Medicine
58 (1996): 113-121.
S. A. Everson et al., “Hopelessness and Risk of Mortality and Incidence of Myocardial Infarction and Cancer,”
Psychosomatic Medicine
58 (1996): 113-121.
39
W. Kopczuk and J. Slemrod, “Dying to Save Taxes: Evidence from Estate-Tax Returns on the Death Elasticity,”
Review of Economics and Statistics
85, no. 2 (2003): 256-265.
W. Kopczuk and J. Slemrod, “Dying to Save Taxes: Evidence from Estate-Tax Returns on the Death Elasticity,”
Review of Economics and Statistics
85, no. 2 (2003): 256-265.
CHAPTER 2
1
M. D. Morris, “Large Scale Deceit: Deception by Captive Elephants?” in
Deception: Perspectives on Human and Nonhuman Deceit,
ed. R. W. Mitchell and N. S. Thompson, 183-192 (New York: State University of New York Press, 1986).
M. D. Morris, “Large Scale Deceit: Deception by Captive Elephants?” in
Deception: Perspectives on Human and Nonhuman Deceit,
ed. R. W. Mitchell and N. S. Thompson, 183-192 (New York: State University of New York Press, 1986).
2
Information about Koko and Michael can be found at
www.koko.org
.
Information about Koko and Michael can be found at
www.koko.org
.
3
A full transcript of this conversation is available at
www.koko.org/world/talk_aol.html
. OnlineHost content: Copyright 1998-2006 AOL LLC. Used with permission.
A full transcript of this conversation is available at
www.koko.org/world/talk_aol.html
. OnlineHost content: Copyright 1998-2006 AOL LLC. Used with permission.
4
H. L. Miles, “How Can I Tell a Lie? Apes, Language, and the Problems of Deception,” in Mitchell and Thompson,
Deception,
245-266.
H. L. Miles, “How Can I Tell a Lie? Apes, Language, and the Problems of Deception,” in Mitchell and Thompson,
Deception,
245-266.
5
M. Lewis, “The Development of Deception,” in
Lying and Deception in Everyday Life,
ed. M. Lewis and C. Saarni, 90-105 (New York: The Guilford Press, 1993).
M. Lewis, “The Development of Deception,” in
Lying and Deception in Everyday Life,
ed. M. Lewis and C. Saarni, 90-105 (New York: The Guilford Press, 1993).
6
P. Ekman,
Telling Lies: Clues to Deceit in the Marketplace, Politics, and Marriage
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1985).
P. Ekman,
Telling Lies: Clues to Deceit in the Marketplace, Politics, and Marriage
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1985).
7
R. Highfield, “How Age Affects the Way We Lie,”
Daily Telegraph
(London), March 25, 1994, 26.
R. Highfield, “How Age Affects the Way We Lie,”
Daily Telegraph
(London), March 25, 1994, 26.
8
This work is reviewed in A. Vrij,
Detecting Lies and Deceit
(Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 2000).
This work is reviewed in A. Vrij,
Detecting Lies and Deceit
(Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 2000).
9
R. G. Hass, “Perspective-Taking and Self-Awareness: Drawing an
E
on Your Forehead,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
46 (1984): 788-798.
R. G. Hass, “Perspective-Taking and Self-Awareness: Drawing an
E
on Your Forehead,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
46 (1984): 788-798.
10
R. Wiseman, “The Megalab Truth Test,”
Nature
(1995): 373, 391.
R. Wiseman, “The Megalab Truth Test,”
Nature
(1995): 373, 391.
11
This work is reviewed in Vrij,
Detecting Lies and Deceit.
This work is reviewed in Vrij,
Detecting Lies and Deceit.
12
Cited in B. M. DePaulo and W. L. Morris, “Discerning Lies from Truths: Behavioural Cues to Deception and the Indirect Pathway of Intuition,” in
The Detection of Deception in Forensic Contexts,
ed. P. A. Granhag and L. A. Stromwall, 15-40 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
Cited in B. M. DePaulo and W. L. Morris, “Discerning Lies from Truths: Behavioural Cues to Deception and the Indirect Pathway of Intuition,” in
The Detection of Deception in Forensic Contexts,
ed. P. A. Granhag and L. A. Stromwall, 15-40 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
13
P. Ekman and M. O’Sullivan, “Who Can Catch a Liar?”
American Psychologist
46, no. 9 (1991): 913-920.
P. Ekman and M. O’Sullivan, “Who Can Catch a Liar?”
American Psychologist
46, no. 9 (1991): 913-920.
14
The Global Deception Research Team, “A World of Lies,”
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology
37, no. 1 (2006): 60-74.
The Global Deception Research Team, “A World of Lies,”
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology
37, no. 1 (2006): 60-74.
15
This work is reviewed in Vrij,
Detecting Lies and Deceit,
and in DePaulo and Morris, “Discerning Lies from Truths,” 15-40.
This work is reviewed in Vrij,
Detecting Lies and Deceit,
and in DePaulo and Morris, “Discerning Lies from Truths,” 15-40.
16
G. Littlepage and T. Pineault, “Verbal, Facial, and Paralinguistic Cues to the Detection of Truth and Lying,”
Personality and Social Psychology
4, no. 3 (1978): 461-464.
G. Littlepage and T. Pineault, “Verbal, Facial, and Paralinguistic Cues to the Detection of Truth and Lying,”
Personality and Social Psychology
4, no. 3 (1978): 461-464.
17
R. E. Kraut and R. E. Johnston, “Social and Emotional Messages of Smiling: An Ethological Approach,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
37 (1979): 1539-1553.
R. E. Kraut and R. E. Johnston, “Social and Emotional Messages of Smiling: An Ethological Approach,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
37 (1979): 1539-1553.
18
The photographs used in this study were originally taken for a similar online experiment carried out in collaboration with the Edinburgh International Science Festival.
The photographs used in this study were originally taken for a similar online experiment carried out in collaboration with the Edinburgh International Science Festival.
19
C. Landis, “Studies of Emotional Reactions: II. General Behavior and Facial Expression,”
Journal of Comparative Psychology
4 (1924): 447-509.
C. Landis, “Studies of Emotional Reactions: II. General Behavior and Facial Expression,”
Journal of Comparative Psychology
4 (1924): 447-509.
20
M. S. Livingstone, “Is It Warm? Is It Real? Or Just Low Spatial Frequency?”
Science
290 (2000): 1299.
M. S. Livingstone, “Is It Warm? Is It Real? Or Just Low Spatial Frequency?”
Science
290 (2000): 1299.
21
A. Parent, “Giovanni Aldini: From Animal Electricity to Human Brain Stimulation,”
Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences
31 (2004): 576-584.
A. Parent, “Giovanni Aldini: From Animal Electricity to Human Brain Stimulation,”
Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences
31 (2004): 576-584.
22
G. T. Crook,
The Complete Newgate Calendar,
vol. 4 (London: The Navarre Society, 1926).
G. T. Crook,
The Complete Newgate Calendar,
vol. 4 (London: The Navarre Society, 1926).
23
“Horrible Phenomena!—Galvanism,”
Scotsman
(Edinburgh)
,
February 11, 1819.
“Horrible Phenomena!—Galvanism,”
Scotsman
(Edinburgh)
,
February 11, 1819.
24
G. B. Duchenne de Boulogne,
The Mechanism of Human Facial Expression
(1862; reprint, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
G. B. Duchenne de Boulogne,
The Mechanism of Human Facial Expression
(1862; reprint, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
25
P. Ekman and W. V. Friesen,
The Facial Action Coding System
(Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1978).
P. Ekman and W. V. Friesen,
The Facial Action Coding System
(Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1978).
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